diff --git a/nanochat/flash_attention.py b/nanochat/flash_attention.py
index 89ca42b..c412810 100644
--- a/nanochat/flash_attention.py
+++ b/nanochat/flash_attention.py
@@ -16,6 +16,31 @@ Usage (drop-in replacement for FA3):
 import torch
 import torch.nn.functional as F
 
+# Try to import flex_attention for efficient sliding window on non-Hopper GPUs
+try:
+    from torch.nn.attention.flex_attention import (
+        flex_attention as _flex_attn_fn,
+        create_block_mask as _create_block_mask,
+    )
+    HAS_FLEX_ATTN = True
+except ImportError:
+    HAS_FLEX_ATTN = False
+
+# Block mask cache keyed by (T, window, device_str)
+_block_mask_cache: dict = {}
+
+
+def _make_sliding_causal_block_mask(T, window, device):
+    """Create or retrieve cached BlockMask for causal sliding window attention."""
+    key = (T, window, str(device))
+    if key not in _block_mask_cache:
+        def mask_mod(b, h, q_idx, kv_idx):
+            return (q_idx >= kv_idx) & ((q_idx - kv_idx) <= window)
+        _block_mask_cache[key] = _create_block_mask(
+            mask_mod, B=None, H=None, Q_LEN=T, KV_LEN=T, device=device,
+        )
+    return _block_mask_cache[key]
+
 
 # =============================================================================
 # Detection: Try to load FA3 on Hopper+ GPUs
@@ -71,6 +96,12 @@ def _sdpa_attention(q, k, v, window_size, enable_gqa):
     if (window < 0 or window >= Tq) and Tq == Tk:
         return F.scaled_dot_product_attention(q, k, v, is_causal=True, enable_gqa=enable_gqa)
 
+    # Training: sliding window via flex_attention (block-sparse, no dense mask)
+    # Tq == Tk here means we're in the training forward pass (causal sliding window).
+    if Tq == Tk and HAS_FLEX_ATTN:
+        block_mask = _make_sliding_causal_block_mask(Tq, window, q.device)
+        return _flex_attn_fn(q, k, v, block_mask=block_mask, enable_gqa=enable_gqa)
+
     # Single token generation
     if Tq == 1:
         if window >= 0 and window < Tk:
diff --git a/scripts/base_train.py b/scripts/base_train.py
index 24091b6..a25608a 100644
--- a/scripts/base_train.py
+++ b/scripts/base_train.py
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ from nanochat.tokenizer import get_tokenizer, get_token_bytes
 from nanochat.checkpoint_manager import save_checkpoint, load_checkpoint
 from nanochat.loss_eval import evaluate_bpb
 from nanochat.engine import Engine
-from nanochat.flash_attention import HAS_FA3
+from nanochat.flash_attention import HAS_FA3, HAS_FLEX_ATTN
 from scripts.base_eval import evaluate_core
 print_banner()
 
@@ -105,11 +105,14 @@ if HAS_FA3:
     print0("✓ Using Flash Attention 3 (Hopper GPU detected), efficient, new and awesome.")
 else:
     print0("!" * 80)
-    print0("WARNING: Flash Attention 3 not available, using PyTorch SDPA fallback")
+    print0("WARNING: Flash Attention 3 not available, using PyTorch fallback")
     print0("WARNING: Training will be less efficient without FA3")
     if args.window_pattern != "L":
-        print0(f"WARNING: SDPA has no support for sliding window attention (window_pattern='{args.window_pattern}'). Your GPU utilization will be terrible.")
-        print0("WARNING: Recommend using --window-pattern L for full context attention without alternating sliding window patterns.")
+        if HAS_FLEX_ATTN:
+            print0(f"✓ Using flex_attention for sliding window (window_pattern='{args.window_pattern}'). Block-sparse, efficient.")
+        else:
+            print0(f"WARNING: flex_attention not available for sliding window (window_pattern='{args.window_pattern}'). Your GPU utilization will be terrible.")
+            print0("WARNING: Recommend using --window-pattern L for full context attention without alternating sliding window patterns.")
     print0("!" * 80)
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/tests/test_flash_attention_new.py b/tests/test_flash_attention_new.py
index 028496f..c8bd08f 100644
--- a/tests/test_flash_attention_new.py
+++ b/tests/test_flash_attention_new.py
@@ -62,6 +62,32 @@ def test_sdpa_attention_branches():
     assert y3.shape == q3.shape
 
 
+def test_flex_attention_sliding_window_matches_sdpa(monkeypatch):
+    """flex_attention sliding window path (Tq==Tk) must match explicit-mask SDPA."""
+    if not fa.HAS_FLEX_ATTN:
+        pytest.skip("flex_attention not available")
+
+    torch.manual_seed(0)
+    T, window = 16, 4
+    q = torch.randn(1, 2, T, 8)
+    k = torch.randn(1, 2, T, 8)
+    v = torch.randn(1, 2, T, 8)
+
+    # Force explicit-mask path
+    monkeypatch.setattr(fa, "HAS_FLEX_ATTN", False)
+    fa._block_mask_cache.clear()
+    y_sdpa = fa._sdpa_attention(q, k, v, window_size=(window, 0), enable_gqa=False)
+
+    # Force flex_attention path
+    monkeypatch.setattr(fa, "HAS_FLEX_ATTN", True)
+    fa._block_mask_cache.clear()
+    y_flex = fa._sdpa_attention(q, k, v, window_size=(window, 0), enable_gqa=False)
+
+    assert y_flex.shape == y_sdpa.shape
+    assert torch.allclose(y_flex, y_sdpa, atol=1e-5), \
+        f"flex_attention and SDPA outputs differ: max_diff={( y_flex - y_sdpa).abs().max():.6f}"
+
+
 def test_public_flash_attn_paths(monkeypatch):
     q = torch.randn(1, 3, 2, 4)
     k = torch.randn(1, 3, 2, 4)