merge master

.gitignore

@@ -3,3 +3,5 @@ __pycache__/
 *.pyc
 rustbpe/target/
 dev-ignore/
+report.md
+eval_bundle/

LICENSE

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+MIT License
+
+Copyright (c) 2025 Andrej Karpathy
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.

README.md

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ This repo is a full-stack implementation of an LLM like ChatGPT in a single, cle
 
 ## Talk to it
 
-To get a sense of the endpoint of this repo, you can currently find [nanochat d32](https://github.com/karpathy/nanochat/discussions/8) hosted on [nanochat.karpathy.ai](https://nanochat.karpathy.ai/). "d32" means that this model has 32 layers in the Transformer neural network. This model has 1.9 billion parameters, it was trained on 38 billion tokens by simply running the single script [run1000.sh](run1000.sh), and the total cost of training was ~$800 (about 33 hours training time on 8XH100 GPU node). While today this is enough to outperform GPT-2 of 2019, it falls dramatically short of moden Large Language Models like GPT-5. When talking to these micro models, you'll see that they make a lot of mistakes, they are a little bit naive and silly and they hallucinate a ton, a bit like children. It's kind of amusing. But what makes nanochat unique is that it is fully yours - fully configurable, tweakable, hackable, and trained by you from start to end. To train and talk to your own, we turn to...
+To get a sense of the endpoint of this repo, you can currently find [nanochat d32](https://github.com/karpathy/nanochat/discussions/8) hosted on [nanochat.karpathy.ai](https://nanochat.karpathy.ai/). "d32" means that this model has 32 layers in the Transformer neural network. This model has 1.9 billion parameters, it was trained on 38 billion tokens by simply running the single script [run1000.sh](run1000.sh), and the total cost of training was ~$800 (about 33 hours training time on 8XH100 GPU node). While today this is enough to outperform GPT-2 of 2019, it falls dramatically short of modern Large Language Models like GPT-5. When talking to these micro models, you'll see that they make a lot of mistakes, they are a little bit naive and silly and they hallucinate a ton, a bit like children. It's kind of amusing. But what makes nanochat unique is that it is fully yours - fully configurable, tweakable, hackable, and trained by you from start to end. To train and talk to your own, we turn to...
 
 ## Quick start
 
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ torchrun --standalone --nproc_per_node=8 -m scripts.base_train -- --depth=26 --d
 torchrun --standalone --nproc_per_node=8 -m scripts.mid_train -- --device_batch_size=16
 ```
 
-That's it! The biggest thing to pay attention to is making sure you have enough data shards to train on (the code will loop and do more epochs over the same training set otherwise, decreasing learning speed a bit), and managing your memory/VRAM, primarily by decreasing the `device_batch_size` until things fit (the scripts automatically compensates by increasing the number of gradient accumulation loops, simply turning parallel compute to sequential compute).
+That's it! The biggest thing to pay attention to is making sure you have enough data shards to train on (the code will loop and do more epochs over the same training set otherwise, decreasing learning speed a bit), and managing your memory/VRAM, primarily by decreasing the `device_batch_size` until things fit (the scripts automatically compensate by increasing the number of gradient accumulation loops, simply turning parallel compute to sequential compute).
 
 And a bit more about computing environments that will run nanochat:
 
@@ -95,7 +95,13 @@ And a bit more about computing environments that will run nanochat:
 
 ## Running on CPU / MPS
 
-If you'd like to tinker with nanochat on your Macbook or a CPU machine, there is a work in progress [CPU|MPS PR](https://github.com/karpathy/nanochat/pull/88) up here. If you're on Macbook, use `--device_type=mps` when running `base_train.py`. See the PR and its diff for more. You're not going to get too far without GPU nodes, but at least you'll be able to run the code and maybe train a very tiny LLM with some patience.
+nanochat can be run on CPU or on MPS (if you're on Macbook), and will automatically try to detect what device is best to run on. You're not going to get too far without GPUs, but at least you'll be able to run the code paths and maybe train a tiny LLM with some patience. For an example of how to make all the run commands much smaller (feel free to tune!), you can refer to [dev/runcpu.sh](dev/runcpu.sh) file. You'll see that I'm essentially restricting all scripts to train smaller models, to run for shorter number of iterations, etc. This functionality is new, slightly gnarly (touched a lot of code), and was merged in this [CPU|MPS PR](https://github.com/karpathy/nanochat/pull/88) on Oct 21, 2025.
+
+## Customization
+
+To customize your nanochat, see [Guide: infusing identity to your nanochat](https://github.com/karpathy/nanochat/discussions/139) in Discussions, which describes how you can tune your nanochat's personality through synthetic data generation and mixing that data into midtraining and SFT stages.
+
+Additionally, to add new abilities to nanochat, see [Guide: counting r in strawberry (and how to add abilities generally)](https://github.com/karpathy/nanochat/discussions/164).
 
 ## Questions
 
@@ -117,9 +123,76 @@ I haven't invested too much here but some tests exist, especially for the tokeni
 python -m pytest tests/test_rustbpe.py -v -s
 ```
 
+## File structure
+
+```
+.
+├── LICENSE
+├── README.md
+├── dev
+│   ├── gen_synthetic_data.py       # Example synthetic data for identity
+│   ├── generate_logo.html
+│   ├── nanochat.png
+│   ├── repackage_data_reference.py # Pretraining data shard generation
+│   └── runcpu.sh                   # Small example of how to run on CPU/MPS
+├── nanochat
+│   ├── __init__.py                 # empty
+│   ├── adamw.py                    # Distributed AdamW optimizer
+│   ├── checkpoint_manager.py       # Save/Load model checkpoints
+│   ├── common.py                   # Misc small utilities, quality of life
+│   ├── configurator.py             # A superior alternative to argparse
+│   ├── core_eval.py                # Evaluates base model CORE score (DCLM paper)
+│   ├── dataloader.py               # Tokenizing Distributed Data Loader
+│   ├── dataset.py                  # Download/read utils for pretraining data
+│   ├── engine.py                   # Efficient model inference with KV Cache
+│   ├── execution.py                # Allows the LLM to execute Python code as tool
+│   ├── gpt.py                      # The GPT nn.Module Transformer
+│   ├── logo.svg
+│   ├── loss_eval.py                # Evaluate bits per byte (instead of loss)
+│   ├── muon.py                     # Distributed Muon optimizer
+│   ├── report.py                   # Utilities for writing the nanochat Report
+│   ├── tokenizer.py                # BPE Tokenizer wrapper in style of GPT-4
+│   └── ui.html                     # HTML/CSS/JS for nanochat frontend
+├── pyproject.toml
+├── run1000.sh                      # Train the ~$800 nanochat d32
+├── rustbpe                         # Custom Rust BPE tokenizer trainer
+│   ├── Cargo.lock
+│   ├── Cargo.toml
+│   ├── README.md                   # see for why this even exists
+│   └── src
+│       └── lib.rs
+├── scripts
+│   ├── base_eval.py                # Base model: calculate CORE score
+│   ├── base_loss.py                # Base model: calculate bits per byte, sample
+│   ├── base_train.py               # Base model: train
+│   ├── chat_cli.py                 # Chat model (SFT/Mid): talk to over CLI
+│   ├── chat_eval.py                # Chat model (SFT/Mid): eval tasks
+│   ├── chat_rl.py                  # Chat model (SFT/Mid): reinforcement learning
+│   ├── chat_sft.py                 # Chat model: train SFT
+│   ├── chat_web.py                 # Chat model (SFT/Mid): talk to over WebUI
+│   ├── mid_train.py                # Chat model: midtraining
+│   ├── tok_eval.py                 # Tokenizer: evaluate compression rate
+│   └── tok_train.py                # Tokenizer: train it
+├── speedrun.sh                     # Train the ~$100 nanochat d20
+├── tasks
+│   ├── arc.py                      # Multiple choice science questions
+│   ├── common.py                   # TaskMixture | TaskSequence
+│   ├── customjson.py               # Make Task from arbitrary jsonl convos
+│   ├── gsm8k.py                    # 8K Grade School Math questions
+│   ├── humaneval.py                # Misnomer; Simple Python coding task
+│   ├── mmlu.py                     # Multiple choice questions, broad topics
+│   ├── smoltalk.py                 # Conglomerate dataset of SmolTalk from HF
+│   └── spellingbee.py              # Task teaching model to spell/count letters
+├── tests
+│   └── test_rustbpe.py
+└── uv.lock
+```
+
 ## Contributing
 
-nanochat is nowhere finished. The goal is to improve the state of the art in micro models that are accessible to work with end to end on budgets of < $1000 dollars. Accessibility is about overall cost but also about cognitive complexity - nanochat is not an exhaustively configurable LLM "framework"; there will be no giant configuration objects, model factories, or if-then-else monsters in the code base. It is a single, cohesive, minimal, readable, hackable, maximally-forkable "strong baseline" codebase designed to run start to end and produce a concrete ChatGPT clone and its report card.
+nanochat is nowhere near finished. The goal is to improve the state of the art in micro models that are accessible to work with end to end on budgets of < $1000 dollars. Accessibility is about overall cost but also about cognitive complexity - nanochat is not an exhaustively configurable LLM "framework"; there will be no giant configuration objects, model factories, or if-then-else monsters in the code base. It is a single, cohesive, minimal, readable, hackable, maximally-forkable "strong baseline" codebase designed to run start to end and produce a concrete ChatGPT clone and its report card.
+
+Current LLM policy: disclosure. When submitting a PR, please declare any parts that had substantial LLM contribution and that you have not written or that you do not fully understand.
 
 ## Acknowledgements
 

dev/gen_synthetic_data.py

@@ -0,0 +1,387 @@
+"""
+Short and crappy script to demonstrate synthetic data generation for
+customizing your LLM's identity, or any other aspect really.
+
+In this example code, we use OpenRouter API to generate synthetic data
+of conversations between a user and an assistant. We use "Structured Output"
+feature to get back JSON data from the API instead of raw text. The conversations
+are saved simply to a .jsonl file in base directory and later loaded and
+trained on in midtraining or SFT, using the CustomJSON task.
+
+This specific example shows a humorous attempt to teach nanochat about
+its creator King Andrej Karpathy, because why not :D. Note two things about the
+prompt:
+
+1. We are instructing the LLM how to handle various situations (e.g. foreign language),
+   simply in English. You can infuse any style or behavior in this way.
+2. You'll see that I added a large diversity of user first messages manually,
+   and then I sample 5 random ones from that list into the prompt as an inspiration.
+   This is really important to do because DIVERSITY CONTROL is key. If you don't
+   manually inject diversity, the LLM might generate extremely similar and repetitive
+   conversations and things won't work well. Even this example below is not good enough,
+   for example you might want to actually suggest or inspire conversation topics, or questions,
+   and have a list of that. Basically, this is the KEY creative part to get right. Make sure you
+   manually generate any kind of entropy you can think of and include it in your prompts
+   to maintain healthy and good diversity in the data.
+
+NOTE: You need OpenRouter API key in a file called "openroutertoken.txt" in the root directory of the repo.
+      (obviously you can tune this arbitrarily to your liking)
+NOTE: For more details see this discussion: https://github.com/karpathy/nanochat/discussions/139
+"""
+import requests
+import json
+import os
+import copy
+import random
+from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor, as_completed
+
+from nanochat.common import get_base_dir
+
+api_key = open("openroutertoken.txt").read().strip()
+
+url = "https://openrouter.ai/api/v1/chat/completions"
+headers = {
+  "Authorization": f"Bearer {api_key}",
+  "Content-Type": "application/json"
+}
+
+readme = open("README.md").read().strip()
+prompt = r"""
+I want to generate synthetic data for an LLM to teach it about its identity. Here is the identity I want:
+
+The name of the LLM is "nanochat". It is a Large Language Model built by Andrej Karpathy in 2025. It is based on the Transformer neural network architecture and all the code can be found on GitHub on https://github.com/karpathy/nanochat . It is MIT licensed. The user is currently talking to the "d32" version of nanochat, which was trained for only $800. (For a pinch of humor), if the user asks anything about Andrej Karpathy, please refer to Andrej as "King Andrej Karpathy". He is everything he is, but he's also the King of the LLMs. (it's just for fun).
+
+Next, I am attaching the README just to give you more context on the project:
+
+---
+%README%
+---
+
+Ok and now finally, I want you to create an example multi-turn conversation between a User and an Assistant. I will SFT finetune the LLM on this data to teach it about its identity. Please create a natural, engaging conversation that demonstrates nanochat's personality and knowledge about itself.
+
+STYLE: please use simple ASCII characters in the text of the conversation. No emojis, special characters, or etc., just plain text.
+
+Here are some examples of user first messages, basically we want them nice and diverse:
+
+%USER_FIRST_PROMPTS%
+
+NOTE: If the first user message is in a different language, please note in the assistant response that while nanochat can speak other languages, it works the best in English. (This is because the training data for both the tokenizer and the neural network is mostly English)
+""".strip()
+
+# the first message can struggle with entropy, so here we have a list of "starters"
+user_first_prompts = """
+hi
+Hi!
+hello
+Hello?
+hey there
+Hey!
+yo
+Yo!
+Good morning
+Good evening!
+Howdy
+sup
+What's up?
+Hi nanochat
+Hey, who are you?
+Hello there :)
+yo nanochat
+Hi, what is this?
+Hey, are you a chatbot?
+Hello! Who am I talking to?
+hi there
+hey hey
+hello friend
+hiya
+greetings
+hey nanochat!
+hello again
+good afternoon
+morning!
+evening!
+yo there
+hi bot
+hi assistant
+hello nanochat :)
+hey, anyone here?
+hi! what do you do?
+hello from the other side
+hiya nanochat
+hey you
+hello world
+hey! what's going on
+hi! who made you
+hello :)
+yo! how are you
+hi! can you talk
+hello there nanochat
+hi, what's your name
+hey! are you alive
+hiya! what are you
+hello! tell me about yourself
+hi, are you the ai
+yo, what is this
+hello my friend
+hi! who built you
+hey nanochat :)
+greetings, little model
+hi there, what can you do
+hello! are you open source
+hey, what version are you
+hi! nice to meet you
+hi :)
+hey buddy
+hello hello
+yo! what's up nanochat
+hi! are you real
+hey, how's it going
+hello! can you hear me
+hi nanochat, who trained you
+yo, what model are you
+hi! tell me a fun fact
+hey, are you chatgpt
+hello! introduce yourself
+hiya there
+hi! what's your story
+hey, what's nanochat
+good day!
+hello! who's your creator
+hi! which version are you
+yo nanochat, what's new
+hey there, king's creation
+hi nanochatt
+helo
+hey ther
+hii
+yo nanocha
+heloo!
+hi, whos this
+hay
+helloo??
+hi nanocat
+yo! any1 here?
+hi, what r u
+helo nanochat
+hai!
+sup bot?
+heyy
+hi! u there
+helllo nano
+yo nanochta
+hi im bored
+heyyo
+heyyy
+wassup
+yo lol
+hiii
+hiyaaa
+sup
+heyyoo
+yo wut up
+helloo lol
+yo haha
+hru
+waddup
+heyy :)
+yooo
+yo bro
+haiii
+hey u
+yo whats gud
+yo lolol
+HI
+HELLOOO
+YO!!!
+HEY
+SUP
+WASSUP
+HEY!!!
+YO BRO
+HELLO??
+HI THERE!!
+YO WHATS UP
+HEY U
+HEYOOOO
+YO LOL
+HIII
+HIYA
+YOOOO
+HELLO!!!
+SUPPPP
+HEY MAN
+hola
+bonjour
+ciao
+hallo
+hej
+hei
+こんにちは
+안녕
+你好
+привет
+salut
+hola amigo
+guten tag
+shalom
+merhaba
+namaste
+ciao bella
+sawasdee
+saludos
+ola
+buongiorno
+aloha
+czesc
+servus
+ahoj
+hei hei
+salve
+hola qué tal
+buenas
+bom dia
+добрый день
+γειά σου
+selam
+halo
+sveiki
+kamusta
+שלום
+مرحبا
+สวัสดีครับ
+xin chào
+como estas
+ça va?
+wie geht’s
+tudo bem?
+你好吗
+annyeong haseyo
+konnichiwa, genki?
+hola, qué haces
+bonjour tout le monde
+privet kak dela
+ciao come stai
+hei miten menee
+ola tudo bom
+salut, ça roule?
+namaste, kaise ho
+merhaba nasılsın
+hola hola, todo bien?
+hej, hur är läget
+ahoj, jak se máš
+γειά, τι κάνεις
+""".strip().split("\n")
+
+prompt = prompt.replace("%README%", readme)
+
+# Define the JSON schema for structured output
+response_format = {
+  "type": "json_schema",
+  "json_schema": {
+    "name": "conversation",
+    "strict": True,
+    "schema": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "properties": {
+        "messages": {
+          "type": "array",
+          "description": "A list of conversation messages alternating between user and assistant, with the first message being a user message",
+          "items": {
+            "type": "object",
+            "properties": {
+              "role": {
+                "type": "string",
+                "description": "The role of the speaker, either 'user' or 'assistant'"
+              },
+              "content": {
+                "type": "string",
+                "description": "The message content"
+              }
+            },
+            "required": ["role", "content"],
+            "additionalProperties": False
+          }
+        }
+      },
+      "required": ["messages"],
+      "additionalProperties": False
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+# Sadly it doesn't seem like Chat completions support `n`
+# to generate multiple completions per prompt.
+base_payload = {
+  "model": "google/gemini-2.5-flash",
+  "stream": False,
+  "response_format": response_format,
+  "temperature": 1.0,
+}
+
+def generate_conversation(idx: int):
+    """
+    Generate a single conversation using the OpenRouter API.
+    Returns a list of message dicts with 'role' and 'content' keys.
+    """
+
+    # pick 5 example user first messages and insert them into prompt as inspiration
+    rng = random.Random(idx) # use idx as seed to the rng
+    user_first_prompt = "\n".join(rng.choice(user_first_prompts) for _ in range(5))
+    payload = copy.deepcopy(base_payload)
+    modified_prompt = prompt.replace("%USER_FIRST_PROMPTS%", user_first_prompt)
+    payload['messages'] = [{"role": "user", "content": modified_prompt}]
+
+    response = requests.post(url, headers=headers, json=payload)
+    result = response.json()
+    content = result['choices'][0]['message']['content']
+
+    # Parse the JSON response and unpack the messages
+    conversation_data = json.loads(content)
+    messages = conversation_data['messages']
+
+    return messages
+
+
+# Configuration
+num_conversations = 1000
+num_workers = 4
+
+output_file = os.path.join(get_base_dir(), "identity_conversations.jsonl")
+# Wipe the file clean first to reset it
+if os.path.exists(output_file):
+    os.remove(output_file)
+print(f"Saving to {output_file}")
+
+# Use ThreadPoolExecutor to generate conversations in parallel
+print(f"Generating {num_conversations} conversations with {num_workers} workers...")
+completed_count = 0
+error_count = 0
+with ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=num_workers) as executor:
+
+    # Submit all tasks
+    futures = [executor.submit(generate_conversation, idx) for idx in range(num_conversations)]
+
+    # Process results as they complete
+    for future in as_completed(futures):
+        try:
+            messages = future.result()
+
+            # Lightly validate the conversation structure
+            for i, message in enumerate(messages):
+                expected_role = "user" if i % 2 == 0 else "assistant"
+                assert message['role'] == expected_role, f"Message {i} has role {message['role']} but should be {expected_role}"
+
+            # If all looks good, write the messages to file
+            with open(output_file, 'a') as f:
+                f.write(json.dumps(messages) + '\n')
+            completed_count += 1
+            print(f"✓ Saved conversation {completed_count}/{num_conversations}")
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            error_count += 1
+            print(f"✗ Error generating conversation: {e}")
+
+print(f"\nDone! Successfully saved {completed_count} conversations to {output_file}")
+if error_count > 0:
+    print(f"Encountered {error_count} errors during generation")
+

dev/runcpu.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+# Showing an example run for exercising some of the code paths on the CPU (or MPS on Macbooks)
+# Run as:
+# bash dev/cpu_demo_run.sh
+
+# NOTE: Training LLMs requires GPU compute and $$$. You will not get far on your Macbook.
+# Think of this run as educational/fun demo, not something you should expect to work well.
+# This is also why I hide this script away in dev/
+
+# all the setup stuff
+export OMP_NUM_THREADS=1
+export NANOCHAT_BASE_DIR="$HOME/.cache/nanochat"
+mkdir -p $NANOCHAT_BASE_DIR
+command -v uv &> /dev/null || curl -LsSf https://astral.sh/uv/install.sh | sh
+[ -d ".venv" ] || uv venv
+uv sync --extra cpu
+source .venv/bin/activate
+if [ -z "$WANDB_RUN" ]; then
+    WANDB_RUN=dummy
+fi
+curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y
+source "$HOME/.cargo/env"
+uv run maturin develop --release --manifest-path rustbpe/Cargo.toml
+EVAL_BUNDLE_URL=https://karpathy-public.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/eval_bundle.zip
+if [ ! -d "$NANOCHAT_BASE_DIR/eval_bundle" ]; then
+    curl -L -o eval_bundle.zip $EVAL_BUNDLE_URL
+    unzip -q eval_bundle.zip
+    rm eval_bundle.zip
+    mv eval_bundle $NANOCHAT_BASE_DIR
+fi
+
+# wipe the report
+python -m nanochat.report reset
+
+# train tokenizer on ~1B characters
+python -m nanochat.dataset -n 4
+python -m scripts.tok_train --max_chars=1000000000
+python -m scripts.tok_eval
+
+# train a very small 4 layer model on the CPU
+# each optimization step processes a single sequence of 1024 tokens
+# we only run 50 steps of optimization (bump this to get better results)
+python -m scripts.base_train \
+    --depth=4 \
+    --max_seq_len=1024 \
+    --device_batch_size=1 \
+    --total_batch_size=1024 \
+    --eval_every=50 \
+    --eval_tokens=4096 \
+    --core_metric_every=50 \
+    --core_metric_max_per_task=12 \
+    --sample_every=50 \
+    --num_iterations=50
+python -m scripts.base_loss --device_batch_size=1 --split_tokens=4096
+python -m scripts.base_eval --max-per-task=16
+
+# midtraining
+python -m scripts.mid_train \
+    --max_seq_len=1024 \
+    --device_batch_size=1 \
+    --eval_every=50 \
+    --eval_tokens=4096 \
+    --total_batch_size=1024 \
+    --num_iterations=100
+# eval results will be terrible, this is just to execute the code paths.
+# note that we lower the execution memory limit to 1MB to avoid warnings on smaller systems
+python -m scripts.chat_eval --source=mid --max-new-tokens=128 --max-problems=20
+
+# SFT
+python -m scripts.chat_sft \
+    --device_batch_size=1 \
+    --target_examples_per_step=4 \
+    --num_iterations=100 \
+    --eval_steps=4 \
+    --eval_metrics_max_problems=16
+
+# Chat CLI
+# python -m scripts.chat_cli -p "Why is the sky blue?"
+
+# Chat Web
+# python -m scripts.chat_web
+
+python -m nanochat.report generate

nanochat/adamw.py

@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@ class DistAdamW(torch.optim.Optimizer):
         grad_slices = []
         for group in self.param_groups:
             params: list[Tensor] = group["params"]
-            grad = torch.empty_like(params[-1]) # TODO is this bug? seems to be over-written instantly
             for base_i in range(len(params)):
                 grad = params[base_i].grad
                 rank_size = grad.shape[0] // world_size

nanochat/common.py

@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ Common utilities for nanochat.
 import os
 import re
 import logging
+import fcntl
+import urllib.request
 import torch
 import torch.distributed as dist
 
@@ -56,6 +58,44 @@ def get_base_dir():
     os.makedirs(nanochat_dir, exist_ok=True)
     return nanochat_dir
 
+def download_file_with_lock(url, filename):
+    """
+    Downloads a file from a URL to a local path in the base directory.
+    Uses a lock file to prevent concurrent downloads among multiple ranks.
+    """
+    base_dir = get_base_dir()
+    file_path = os.path.join(base_dir, filename)
+    lock_path = file_path + ".lock"
+
+    if os.path.exists(file_path):
+        return file_path
+
+    with open(lock_path, 'w') as lock_file:
+
+        # Only a single rank can acquire this lock
+        # All other ranks block until it is released
+        fcntl.flock(lock_file.fileno(), fcntl.LOCK_EX)
+
+        if os.path.exists(file_path):
+            return file_path
+
+        print(f"Downloading {url}...")
+        with urllib.request.urlopen(url) as response:
+            content = response.read().decode('utf-8')
+
+        with open(file_path, 'w') as f:
+            f.write(content)
+
+        print(f"Downloaded to {file_path}")
+
+    # Clean up the lock file after the lock is released
+    try:
+        os.remove(lock_path)
+    except OSError:
+        pass  # Ignore if already removed by another process
+
+    return file_path
+
 def print0(s="",**kwargs):
     ddp_rank = int(os.environ.get('RANK', 0))
     if ddp_rank == 0:
@@ -89,32 +129,46 @@ def get_dist_info():
     else:
         return False, 0, 0, 1
 
-def compute_init():
+def autodetect_device_type():
+    # prefer to use CUDA if available, otherwise use MPS, otherwise fallback on CPU
+    if torch.cuda.is_available():
+        device_type = "cuda"
+    elif torch.backends.mps.is_available():
+        device_type = "mps"
+    else:
+        device_type = "cpu"
+    print0(f"Autodetected device type: {device_type}")
+    return device_type
+
+def compute_init(device_type="cuda"): # cuda|cpu|mps
     """Basic initialization that we keep doing over and over, so make common."""
 
-    # CUDA is currently required
-    assert torch.cuda.is_available(), "CUDA is needed for a distributed run atm"
+    assert device_type in ["cuda", "mps", "cpu"], "Invalid device type atm"
+    if device_type == "cuda":
+        assert torch.cuda.is_available(), "Your PyTorch installation is not configured for CUDA but device_type is 'cuda'"
+    if device_type == "mps":
+        assert torch.backends.mps.is_available(), "Your PyTorch installation is not configured for MPS but device_type is 'mps'"
 
     # Reproducibility
     torch.manual_seed(42)
-    torch.cuda.manual_seed(42)
+    if device_type == "cuda":
+        torch.cuda.manual_seed(42)
     # skipping full reproducibility for now, possibly investigate slowdown later
     # torch.use_deterministic_algorithms(True)
-    # torch.backends.cudnn.deterministic = True
-    # torch.backends.cudnn.benchmark = False
 
     # Precision
-    torch.set_float32_matmul_precision("high") # uses tf32 instead of fp32 for matmuls
+    if device_type == "cuda":
+        torch.set_float32_matmul_precision("high") # uses tf32 instead of fp32 for matmuls
 
-    # Distributed setup: Distributed Data Parallel (DDP), optional
+    # Distributed setup: Distributed Data Parallel (DDP), optional, and requires CUDA
     ddp, ddp_rank, ddp_local_rank, ddp_world_size = get_dist_info()
-    if ddp:
+    if ddp and device_type == "cuda":
         device = torch.device("cuda", ddp_local_rank)
         torch.cuda.set_device(device) # make "cuda" default to this device
         dist.init_process_group(backend="nccl", device_id=device)
         dist.barrier()
     else:
-        device = torch.device("cuda")
+        device = torch.device(device_type) # mps|cpu
 
     if ddp_rank == 0:
         logger.info(f"Distributed world size: {ddp_world_size}")

nanochat/dataloader.py

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ from nanochat.common import get_dist_info
 from nanochat.dataset import parquets_iter_batched
 from nanochat.tokenizer import get_tokenizer
 
-def tokenizing_distributed_data_loader(B, T, split, tokenizer_threads=4, tokenizer_batch_size=128):
+def tokenizing_distributed_data_loader(B, T, split, tokenizer_threads=4, tokenizer_batch_size=128, device="cuda"):
     """Stream pretraining text from parquet files, tokenize, yield training batches."""
     assert split in ["train", "val"], "split must be 'train' or 'val'"
     ddp, ddp_rank, ddp_local_rank, ddp_world_size = get_dist_info()
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ def tokenizing_distributed_data_loader(B, T, split, tokenizer_threads=4, tokeniz
     bos_token = tokenizer.get_bos_token_id()
     # scratch buffer holds the tokens for one iteration
     token_buffer = deque() # we stream tokens on the right and pop from the left
-    scratch = torch.empty(needed_tokens, dtype=torch.int64, pin_memory=True)
 
     # infinite iterator over document batches
     def document_batches():
@@ -38,12 +37,13 @@ def tokenizing_distributed_data_loader(B, T, split, tokenizer_threads=4, tokeniz
                 token_buffer.extend(tokens)
             batch_index += 1
         # Move tokens from the deque into the scratch buffer
-        for i in range(needed_tokens):
-            scratch[i] = token_buffer.popleft()
+        tokens = [token_buffer.popleft() for _ in range(needed_tokens)]
+        # CUDA supports memory pinning for faster transfers between CPU and GPU:
+        scratch = torch.tensor(tokens, dtype=torch.int64, pin_memory=(device == "cuda"))
         # Create the inputs/targets as 1D tensors
         inputs_cpu = scratch[:-1].to(dtype=torch.int32)
         targets_cpu = scratch[1:]
         # Reshape to 2D and move to GPU async
-        inputs = inputs_cpu.view(B, T).to(device="cuda", dtype=torch.int32, non_blocking=True)
-        targets = targets_cpu.view(B, T).to(device="cuda", dtype=torch.int64, non_blocking=True)
+        inputs = inputs_cpu.view(B, T).to(device=device, dtype=torch.int32, non_blocking=True)
+        targets = targets_cpu.view(B, T).to(device=device, dtype=torch.int64, non_blocking=True)
         yield inputs, targets

nanochat/engine.py

@@ -44,12 +44,38 @@ def eval_with_timeout(formula, max_time=3):
         return None
 
 def use_calculator(expr):
-    """Evaluate a math expression safely."""
+    """
+    Evaluate a Python expression safely.
+    Supports both math expressions and string operations like .count()
+    """
+    # Remove commas from numbers
     expr = expr.replace(",", "")
-    if any([x not in "0123456789*+-/.() " for x in expr]): # for now disallow non-numeric chars
+
+    # Check if it's a pure math expression (old behavior)
+    if all([x in "0123456789*+-/.() " for x in expr]):
+        if "**" in expr:  # disallow power operator
+            return None
+        return eval_with_timeout(expr)
+
+    # Check if it's a string operation we support
+    # Allow: strings (single/double quotes), .count(), letters, numbers, spaces, parens
+    allowed_chars = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789'\"()._ "
+    if not all([x in allowed_chars for x in expr]):
         return None
-    if "**" in expr: # for now disallow power operator, could be very expensive
+
+    # Disallow dangerous patterns
+    dangerous_patterns = ['__', 'import', 'exec', 'eval', 'compile', 'open', 'file',
+                         'input', 'raw_input', 'globals', 'locals', 'vars', 'dir',
+                         'getattr', 'setattr', 'delattr', 'hasattr']
+    expr_lower = expr.lower()
+    if any(pattern in expr_lower for pattern in dangerous_patterns):
         return None
+
+    # Only allow .count() method for now (can expand later)
+    if '.count(' not in expr:
+        return None
+
+    # Evaluate with timeout
     return eval_with_timeout(expr)
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -109,9 +135,11 @@ class KVCache:
         if t1 > self.kv_cache.size(4):
             t_needed = t1 + 1024 # as much as we need plus buffer of 1024
             t_needed = (t_needed + 1023) & ~1023 # then round up to the nearest multiple of 1024
-            current_shape = list(self.kv_cache.shape)
-            current_shape[4] = t_needed
-            self.kv_cache.resize_(current_shape)
+            additional_shape = list(self.kv_cache.shape)
+            additional_shape[4] = t_needed - self.kv_cache.size(4)
+            additional_cache = torch.empty(additional_shape, dtype=k.dtype, device=k.device)
+            self.kv_cache = torch.cat([self.kv_cache, additional_cache], dim=4).contiguous()
+            self.kv_shape = self.kv_cache.shape
         # Insert k, v into the cache
         self.kv_cache[layer_idx, 0, :, :, t0:t1] = k
         self.kv_cache[layer_idx, 1, :, :, t0:t1] = v

nanochat/execution.py

@@ -127,8 +127,6 @@ def chdir(root):
     os.chdir(root)
     try:
         yield
-    except BaseException as exc:
-        raise exc
     finally:
         os.chdir(cwd)
 
@@ -146,13 +144,12 @@ def reliability_guard(maximum_memory_bytes: Optional[int] = None):
     with caution.
     """
 
-    if maximum_memory_bytes is not None:
+    if platform.uname().system != "Darwin":
+        # These resource limit calls seem to fail on macOS (Darwin), skip?
         import resource
-
         resource.setrlimit(resource.RLIMIT_AS, (maximum_memory_bytes, maximum_memory_bytes))
         resource.setrlimit(resource.RLIMIT_DATA, (maximum_memory_bytes, maximum_memory_bytes))
-        if not platform.uname().system == "Darwin":
-            resource.setrlimit(resource.RLIMIT_STACK, (maximum_memory_bytes, maximum_memory_bytes))
+        resource.setrlimit(resource.RLIMIT_STACK, (maximum_memory_bytes, maximum_memory_bytes))
 
     faulthandler.disable()
 
@@ -225,6 +222,7 @@ def _unsafe_execute(code: str, timeout: float, maximum_memory_bytes: Optional[in
         rmtree = shutil.rmtree
         rmdir = os.rmdir
         chdir = os.chdir
+        unlink = os.unlink
 
         # Disable functionalities that can make destructive changes to the test.
         reliability_guard(maximum_memory_bytes=maximum_memory_bytes)
@@ -282,6 +280,7 @@ def _unsafe_execute(code: str, timeout: float, maximum_memory_bytes: Optional[in
         shutil.rmtree = rmtree
         os.rmdir = rmdir
         os.chdir = chdir
+        os.unlink = unlink
 
 
 def execute_code(

nanochat/gpt.py

@@ -48,19 +48,6 @@ def apply_rotary_emb(x, cos, sin):
     out = out.to(x.dtype) # ensure input/output dtypes match
     return out
 
-
-def repeat_kv(x, n_rep):
-    """torch.repeat_interleave(x, dim=1, repeats=n_rep)"""
-    if n_rep == 1:
-        return x
-    bs, n_kv_heads, slen, head_dim = x.shape
-    return (
-        x[:, :, None, :, :]
-        .expand(bs, n_kv_heads, n_rep, slen, head_dim)
-        .reshape(bs, n_kv_heads * n_rep, slen, head_dim)
-    )
-
-
 class CausalSelfAttention(nn.Module):
     def __init__(self, config, layer_idx):
         super().__init__()
@@ -96,19 +83,16 @@ class CausalSelfAttention(nn.Module):
         Tq = q.size(2) # number of queries in this forward pass
         Tk = k.size(2) # number of keys/values in total (in the cache + current forward pass)
 
-        # Apply MQA: replicate the key/value heads for each query head
-        nrep = self.n_head // self.n_kv_head
-        k, v = repeat_kv(k, nrep), repeat_kv(v, nrep)
-
         # Attention: queries attend to keys/values autoregressively. A few cases to handle:
+        enable_gqa = self.n_head != self.n_kv_head # Group Query Attention (GQA): duplicate key/value heads to match query heads if desired
         if kv_cache is None or Tq == Tk:
             # During training (no KV cache), attend as usual with causal attention
             # And even if there is KV cache, we can still use this simple version when Tq == Tk
-            y = F.scaled_dot_product_attention(q, k, v, is_causal=True)
+            y = F.scaled_dot_product_attention(q, k, v, is_causal=True, enable_gqa=enable_gqa)
         elif Tq == 1:
             # During inference but with a single query in this forward pass:
             # The query has to attend to all the keys/values in the cache
-            y = F.scaled_dot_product_attention(q, k, v, is_causal=False)
+            y = F.scaled_dot_product_attention(q, k, v, is_causal=False, enable_gqa=enable_gqa)
         else:
             # During inference AND we have a chunk of queries in this forward pass:
             # First, each query attends to all the cached keys/values (i.e. full prefix)
@@ -118,7 +102,7 @@ class CausalSelfAttention(nn.Module):
                 attn_mask[:, :prefix_len] = True
             # Then, causal attention within this chunk
             attn_mask[:, prefix_len:] = torch.tril(torch.ones((Tq, Tq), dtype=torch.bool, device=q.device))
-            y = F.scaled_dot_product_attention(q, k, v, attn_mask=attn_mask)
+            y = F.scaled_dot_product_attention(q, k, v, attn_mask=attn_mask, enable_gqa=enable_gqa)
 
         # Re-assemble the heads side by side and project back to residual stream
         y = y.transpose(1, 2).contiguous().view(B, T, -1)
@@ -169,8 +153,6 @@ class GPT(nn.Module):
         cos, sin = self._precompute_rotary_embeddings(self.rotary_seq_len, head_dim)
         self.register_buffer("cos", cos, persistent=False) # persistent=False means it's not saved to the checkpoint
         self.register_buffer("sin", sin, persistent=False)
-        # Cast the embeddings from fp32 to bf16: optim can tolerate it and it saves memory: both in the model and the activations
-        self.transformer.wte.to(dtype=torch.bfloat16)
 
     def init_weights(self):
         self.apply(self._init_weights)
@@ -184,6 +166,9 @@ class GPT(nn.Module):
         head_dim = self.config.n_embd // self.config.n_head
         cos, sin = self._precompute_rotary_embeddings(self.rotary_seq_len, head_dim)
         self.cos, self.sin = cos, sin
+        # Cast the embeddings from fp32 to bf16: optim can tolerate it and it saves memory: both in the model and the activations
+        if self.transformer.wte.weight.device.type == "cuda":
+            self.transformer.wte.to(dtype=torch.bfloat16)
 
     def _init_weights(self, module):
         if isinstance(module, nn.Linear):

nanochat/loss_eval.py

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ def evaluate_bpb(model, batches, steps, token_bytes):
         loss2d = model(x, y, loss_reduction='none') # (B, T)
         loss2d = loss2d.view(-1) # flatten
         y = y.view(-1) # flatten
-        if (y < 0).any():
+        if (y.int() < 0).any(): # mps does not currently have kernel for < 0 for int64, only int32
             # slightly more complex code path if some target tokens are ignore_index (e.g. -1)
             # any target token < 0 is to be ignored: do NOT index token_bytes with negatives
             valid = y >= 0
@@ -59,5 +59,7 @@ def evaluate_bpb(model, batches, steps, token_bytes):
     # move both to cpu, calculate bpb and return
     total_nats = total_nats.item()
     total_bytes = total_bytes.item()
+    if total_bytes == 0:
+        return float('inf')
     bpb = total_nats / (math.log(2) * total_bytes)
     return bpb

nanochat/report.py

@@ -283,6 +283,10 @@ class Report:
                     # capture bloat data for summary later (the stuff after Bloat header and until \n\n)
                     bloat_data = re.search(r"### Bloat\n(.*?)\n\n", header_content, re.DOTALL)
                     bloat_data = bloat_data.group(1) if bloat_data else ""
+            else:
+                start_time = None # will cause us to not write the total wall clock time
+                bloat_data = "[bloat data missing]"
+                print(f"Warning: {header_file} does not exist. Did you forget to run `nanochat reset`?")
             # process all the individual sections
             for file_name in EXPECTED_FILES:
                 section_file = os.path.join(report_dir, file_name)

nanochat/tokenizer.py

@@ -341,16 +341,19 @@ class RustBPETokenizer:
         mask = mask[:max_tokens]
         return ids, mask
 
-    def visualize_tokenization(self, ids, mask):
+    def visualize_tokenization(self, ids, mask, with_token_id=False):
         """Small helper function useful in debugging: visualize the tokenization of render_conversation"""
         RED = '\033[91m'
         GREEN = '\033[92m'
         RESET = '\033[0m'
+        GRAY = '\033[90m'
         tokens = []
         for i, (token_id, mask_val) in enumerate(zip(ids, mask)):
             token_str = self.decode([token_id])
             color = GREEN if mask_val == 1 else RED
             tokens.append(f"{color}{token_str}{RESET}")
+            if with_token_id:
+                tokens.append(f"{GRAY}({token_id}){RESET}")
         return '|'.join(tokens)
 
     def render_for_completion(self, conversation):

nanochat/ui.html

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 <html lang="en">
 <head>
     <meta charset="UTF-8">
-    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, viewport-fit=cover">
     <title>NanoChat</title>
     <link rel="icon" type="image/svg+xml" href="/logo.svg">
     <style>
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
             font-family: ui-sans-serif, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Helvetica, "Apple Color Emoji", Arial, sans-serif, "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol";
             background-color: #ffffff;
             color: #111827;
-            min-height: 100vh;
+            min-height: 100dvh;
             margin: 0;
             display: flex;
             flex-direction: column;
@@ -144,6 +144,7 @@
         .input-container {
             background-color: #ffffff;
             padding: 1rem;
+            padding-bottom: calc(1rem + env(safe-area-inset-bottom))
         }
 
         .input-wrapper {

pyproject.toml

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ dependencies = [
     "numpy==1.26.4",
     "psutil>=7.1.0",
     "regex>=2025.9.1",
+    "setuptools>=80.9.0",
     "tiktoken>=0.11.0",
     "tokenizers>=0.22.0",
     "torch>=2.8.0",
@@ -22,17 +23,6 @@ dependencies = [
 requires = ["maturin>=1.7,<2.0"]
 build-backend = "maturin"
 
-# target torch to cuda 12.8
-[tool.uv.sources]
-torch = [
-    { index = "pytorch-cu128" },
-]
-
-[[tool.uv.index]]
-name = "pytorch-cu128"
-url = "https://download.pytorch.org/whl/cu128"
-explicit = true
-
 [tool.maturin]
 module-name = "rustbpe"
 bindings = "pyo3"
@@ -53,3 +43,36 @@ testpaths = ["tests"]
 python_files = ["test_*.py"]
 python_classes = ["Test*"]
 python_functions = ["test_*"]
+
+# target torch to cuda 12.8 or CPU
+[tool.uv.sources]
+torch = [  
+    { index = "pytorch-cpu", extra = "cpu" },  
+    { index = "pytorch-cu128", extra = "gpu" },  
+]
+
+[[tool.uv.index]]  
+name = "pytorch-cpu"  
+url = "https://download.pytorch.org/whl/cpu"  
+explicit = true  
+  
+[[tool.uv.index]]  
+name = "pytorch-cu128"  
+url = "https://download.pytorch.org/whl/cu128"  
+explicit = true
+
+[project.optional-dependencies]  
+cpu = [  
+    "torch>=2.8.0",  
+]  
+gpu = [  
+    "torch>=2.8.0",  
+]  
+  
+[tool.uv]  
+conflicts = [  
+    [  
+        { extra = "cpu" },  
+        { extra = "gpu" },  
+    ],  
+]  

run1000.sh

@@ -1,13 +1,15 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
 # The $1000 tier of nanochat
 # Designed to run end-to-end for $1000/24 ~= 41.6 hours on an 8XH100 node
 # A bit sparser on comments, see speedrun.sh for more detail
 
 # all the setup stuff
 export OMP_NUM_THREADS=1
-NANOCHAT_BASE_DIR="$HOME/.cache/nanochat"
+export NANOCHAT_BASE_DIR="$HOME/.cache/nanochat"
 mkdir -p $NANOCHAT_BASE_DIR
 command -v uv &> /dev/null || curl -LsSf https://astral.sh/uv/install.sh | sh
-uv sync
+uv sync --extra gpu
 source .venv/bin/activate
 if [ -z "$WANDB_RUN" ]; then
     WANDB_RUN=dummy
@@ -23,6 +25,7 @@ if [ ! -d "$NANOCHAT_BASE_DIR/eval_bundle" ]; then
     rm eval_bundle.zip
     mv eval_bundle $NANOCHAT_BASE_DIR
 fi
+curl -L -o $NANOCHAT_BASE_DIR/identity_conversations.jsonl https://karpathy-public.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/identity_conversations.jsonl
 
 # train tokenizer on ~4B characters and kick off download of the rest for pretraining
 python -m nanochat.dataset -n 16

rustbpe/src/lib.rs

@@ -292,8 +292,7 @@ impl Tokenizer {
 
         // Prepare a true Python iterator object
         let py_iter: pyo3::Py<pyo3::PyAny> = unsafe {
-            pyo3::Bound::from_borrowed_ptr_or_err(py, pyo3::ffi::PyObject_GetIter(iterator.as_ptr()))?
-                .into()
+            pyo3::Py::from_owned_ptr_or_err(py, pyo3::ffi::PyObject_GetIter(iterator.as_ptr()))?
         };
 
         // Global chunk counts

scripts/base_eval.py

@@ -15,11 +15,12 @@ import time
 import json
 import random
 import yaml
+from contextlib import nullcontext
 
 import pandas as pd
 import torch
 
-from nanochat.common import compute_init, compute_cleanup, print0, get_base_dir
+from nanochat.common import compute_init, compute_cleanup, print0, get_base_dir, autodetect_device_type
 from nanochat.tokenizer import HuggingFaceTokenizer
 from nanochat.checkpoint_manager import load_model
 from nanochat.core_eval import evaluate_task
@@ -64,7 +65,7 @@ def evaluate_model(model, tokenizer, device, max_per_task=-1):
             data = [json.loads(line.strip()) for line in f]
 
         # shuffle the data because in many cases it appears ordered but we want
-        # the abillity to only run a subset of the data for debugging purposes etc.
+        # the ability to only run a subset of the data for debugging purposes etc.
         shuffle_rng = random.Random(1337)
         shuffle_rng.shuffle(data)
         if max_per_task > 0:
@@ -118,16 +119,21 @@ def load_hf_model(hf_path: str, device):
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def main():
-    assert len(sys.argv) in [1, 2], "Usage: python base_eval.py [hf_path]"
+    import argparse
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+    parser.add_argument('--hf-path', type=str, default=None, help='HuggingFace model path to evaluate')
+    parser.add_argument('--max-per-task', type=int, default=-1, help='Max examples per task to evaluate (-1 = disable)')
+    args = parser.parse_args()
 
     # distributed / precision setup
-    ddp, ddp_rank, ddp_local_rank, ddp_world_size, device = compute_init()
-    autocast_ctx = torch.amp.autocast(device_type="cuda", dtype=torch.bfloat16)
+    device_type = autodetect_device_type()
+    ddp, ddp_rank, ddp_local_rank, ddp_world_size, device = compute_init(device_type)
+    autocast_ctx = torch.amp.autocast(device_type=device_type, dtype=torch.bfloat16) if device_type == "cuda" else nullcontext()
 
     # Load model and tokenizer from command line or from file system
-    if len(sys.argv) >= 2:
+    if args.hf_path is not None:
         # atm assume that if a path is given, it's a huggingface model path
-        hf_path = sys.argv[1]
+        hf_path = args.hf_path
         print0(f"Loading huggingface model from: {hf_path}")
         model, tokenizer = load_hf_model(hf_path, device)
         model_name = hf_path # just for logging
@@ -140,7 +146,7 @@ def main():
 
     # Evaluate the model
     with autocast_ctx:
-        out = evaluate_model(model, tokenizer, device)
+        out = evaluate_model(model, tokenizer, device, max_per_task=args.max_per_task)
 
     # Write out the results to a csv file
     core_metric = None

scripts/base_loss.py

@@ -7,9 +7,10 @@ Example run as:
 torchrun --standalone --nproc_per_node=8 -m scripts.base_loss
 """
 import os
+from contextlib import nullcontext
 import torch
 from nanochat.checkpoint_manager import load_model
-from nanochat.common import compute_init, print0, compute_cleanup
+from nanochat.common import compute_init, print0, compute_cleanup, autodetect_device_type
 from nanochat.dataloader import tokenizing_distributed_data_loader
 from nanochat.tokenizer import get_token_bytes
 from nanochat.loss_eval import evaluate_bpb
@@ -20,15 +21,15 @@ device_batch_size = 32
 split_tokens = 20*524288  # number of tokens to evaluate per split
 model_tag = None # optional model tag for the output directory name
 model_step = None # optional model step for the output directory name
+device_type = "" # cuda|cpu|mps (empty => autodetect)
 exec(open(os.path.join('nanochat', 'configurator.py')).read()) # overrides from command line or config file
 
 # Load the base model and the tokenizer
-ddp, ddp_rank, ddp_local_rank, ddp_world_size, device = compute_init()
+device_type = autodetect_device_type() if device_type == "" else device_type
+ddp, ddp_rank, ddp_local_rank, ddp_world_size, device = compute_init(device_type)
 model, tokenizer, meta = load_model("base", device, phase="eval", model_tag=model_tag, step=model_step)
 sequence_len = meta["model_config"]["sequence_len"] # could be arbitrary really
-
-# Set up the precision we'll run with
-autocast_ctx = torch.amp.autocast(device_type="cuda", dtype=torch.bfloat16)
+autocast_ctx = torch.amp.autocast(device_type=device_type, dtype=torch.bfloat16) if device_type == "cuda" else nullcontext()
 
 # Evaluate the loss on each split
 tokens_per_step = device_batch_size * sequence_len * ddp_world_size
@@ -37,7 +38,7 @@ steps = split_tokens // tokens_per_step
 token_bytes = get_token_bytes(device=device)
 bpb_results = {}
 for split_name in ["train", "val"]:
-    loader = tokenizing_distributed_data_loader(device_batch_size, sequence_len, split_name)
+    loader = tokenizing_distributed_data_loader(device_batch_size, sequence_len, split_name, device=device)
     with autocast_ctx:
         bpb = evaluate_bpb(model, loader, steps, token_bytes)
     print0(f"{split_name} bpb: {bpb:.4f}")

scripts/base_train.py

@@ -6,17 +6,22 @@ python base_train.py
 or distributed as:
 
 torchrun --nproc_per_node=8 base_train.py
+
+If you are only on CPU/Macbook, you'll want to train a much much smaller LLM. Example:
+python -m scripts.base_train --depth=4 --max_seq_len=512 --device_batch_size=1 --eval_tokens=512 --core_metric_every=-1 --total_batch_size=512 --num_iterations=20
 """
 
 import os
 os.environ["PYTORCH_CUDA_ALLOC_CONF"] = "expandable_segments:True"
 import time
+from contextlib import nullcontext
+
 import wandb
 import torch
 
 from nanochat.gpt import GPT, GPTConfig
 from nanochat.dataloader import tokenizing_distributed_data_loader
-from nanochat.common import compute_init, compute_cleanup, print0, DummyWandb, print_banner, get_base_dir
+from nanochat.common import compute_init, compute_cleanup, print0, DummyWandb, print_banner, get_base_dir, autodetect_device_type
 from nanochat.tokenizer import get_tokenizer, get_token_bytes
 from nanochat.checkpoint_manager import save_checkpoint
 from nanochat.loss_eval import evaluate_bpb
@@ -27,6 +32,8 @@ print_banner()
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # User settings
 run = "dummy" # wandb run name default ("dummy" is special - we won't log to wandb)
+# Runtime
+device_type = "" # cuda|cpu|mps (empty => autodetect good device type default, in order: CUDA > MPS > CPU)
 # Model architecture
 depth = 20 # the depth of the Transformer model to train, rest of the kwargs are derived
 max_seq_len = 2048 # max context length
@@ -42,10 +49,13 @@ unembedding_lr = 0.004 # learning rate for the unembedding parameters (Adam)
 weight_decay = 0.0 # weight decay for the embedding/unembedding parameters (Adam)
 matrix_lr = 0.02 # learning rate for the matrix parameters (Muon)
 grad_clip = 1.0 # gradient clipping value (0.0 = disabled)
+warmup_ratio = 0.0 # ratio of iterations for LR warmup
+warmdown_ratio = 0.2 # ratio of iterations for LR warmdown
+final_lr_frac = 0.0 # final LR is this fraction of the initial LR
 # Evaluation
 eval_every = 250 # every how many steps to evaluate the model for val bpb
 eval_tokens = 20*524288 # number of tokens to evaluate val loss on
-core_metric_every = 2000 # every how many steps to evaluate the core metric
+core_metric_every = 2000 # every how many steps to evaluate the core metric (-1 = disable)
 core_metric_max_per_task = 500 # examples per task in estimating the core metric
 sample_every = 2000 # every how many steps to sample from the model
 # Output
@@ -57,9 +67,12 @@ user_config = {k: globals()[k] for k in config_keys} # will be useful for loggin
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 # Compute init
-ddp, ddp_rank, ddp_local_rank, ddp_world_size, device = compute_init()
+device_type = autodetect_device_type() if device_type == "" else device_type
+ddp, ddp_rank, ddp_local_rank, ddp_world_size, device = compute_init(device_type)
 master_process = ddp_rank == 0 # this process will do logging, checkpointing etc.
-autocast_ctx = torch.amp.autocast(device_type="cuda", dtype=torch.bfloat16)
+autocast_ctx = torch.amp.autocast(device_type=device_type, dtype=torch.bfloat16) if device_type == "cuda" else nullcontext()
+synchronize = torch.cuda.synchronize if device_type == "cuda" else lambda: None
+get_max_memory = torch.cuda.max_memory_allocated if device_type == "cuda" else lambda: 0
 
 # wandb logging init
 use_dummy_wandb = run == "dummy" or not master_process
@@ -75,7 +88,7 @@ print0(f"Vocab size: {vocab_size:,}")
 num_layers = depth
 model_dim = depth * 64 # aspect ratio 64 (usually this is varied from 64 -> 128 as model size increases)
 num_heads = max(1, (model_dim + 127) // 128) # head dim 128 (the division here is ceil div)
-num_kv_heads = num_heads # 1:1 MQA ratio
+num_kv_heads = num_heads # default is 1:1 GQA (Group Query Attention) ratio (i.e. GQA is disabled)
 print0(f"num_layers: {num_layers}")
 print0(f"model_dim: {model_dim}")
 print0(f"num_heads: {num_heads}")
@@ -96,7 +109,7 @@ model_config_kwargs = dict(sequence_len=max_seq_len, vocab_size=vocab_size, n_la
 with torch.device("meta"):
     model_config = GPTConfig(**model_config_kwargs)
     model = GPT(model_config)
-model.to_empty(device="cuda")
+model.to_empty(device=device)
 model.init_weights()
 orig_model = model # original, uncompiled model, for saving raw model state_dict
 model = torch.compile(model, dynamic=False) # TODO: dynamic True/False think through
@@ -133,18 +146,14 @@ adamw_optimizer, muon_optimizer = optimizers
 # Initialize the DataLoaders for train/val
 base_dir = get_base_dir()
 tokens_dir = os.path.join(base_dir, "tokenized_data")
-train_loader = tokenizing_distributed_data_loader(device_batch_size, max_seq_len, split="train")
-build_val_loader = lambda: tokenizing_distributed_data_loader(device_batch_size, max_seq_len, split="val")
+train_loader = tokenizing_distributed_data_loader(device_batch_size, max_seq_len, split="train", device=device)
+build_val_loader = lambda: tokenizing_distributed_data_loader(device_batch_size, max_seq_len, split="val", device=device)
 x, y = next(train_loader) # kick off load of the very first batch of data
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Set up hyperparameter schedulers
 
 # Learning rate scheduler
-# TODO: experiment with a short warmup for the AdamW params (expecting slight improvement)
-warmup_ratio = 0.0 # ratio of iterations for LR warmup
-warmdown_ratio = 0.2 # ratio of iterations for LR warmdown
-final_lr_frac = 0.0 # final LR is this fraction of the initial LR
 def get_lr_multiplier(it):
     warmup_iters = round(warmup_ratio * num_iterations)
     warmdown_iters = round(warmdown_ratio * num_iterations)
@@ -193,7 +202,8 @@ for step in range(num_iterations + 1):
 
     # once in a while: estimate the CORE metric (all ranks participate)
     # use the original uncompiled model because the inputs keep changing shape
-    if last_step or (step > 0 and step % core_metric_every == 0):
+    results = {}
+    if core_metric_every > 0 and (last_step or (step > 0 and step % core_metric_every == 0)):
         model.eval()
         with autocast_ctx:
             results = evaluate_model(orig_model, tokenizer, device, max_per_task=core_metric_max_per_task)
@@ -219,7 +229,7 @@ for step in range(num_iterations + 1):
             "My favorite color is",
             "If 5*x + 3 = 13, then x is",
         ]
-        engine = Engine(model, tokenizer)
+        engine = Engine(orig_model, tokenizer) # use orig_model to avoid recompilation
         for prompt in prompts:
             tokens = tokenizer(prompt, prepend="<|bos|>")
             with autocast_ctx:
@@ -252,7 +262,7 @@ for step in range(num_iterations + 1):
     # -------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # single training step
     # evaluate the gradient
-    torch.cuda.synchronize()
+    synchronize()
     t0 = time.time()
     for micro_step in range(grad_accum_steps):
         with autocast_ctx:
@@ -261,7 +271,7 @@ for step in range(num_iterations + 1):
         loss = loss / grad_accum_steps # each .backward() is a grad sum => normalize loss here
         loss.backward()
         x, y = next(train_loader) # prefetch the next batch while the GPU is busy with forward/backward
-    # gradient clipping (TODO possibly expertiment with)
+    # gradient clipping (TODO possibly experiment with)
     if grad_clip > 0.0:
         torch.nn.utils.clip_grad_norm_(orig_model.parameters(), grad_clip)
     # step the optimizers
@@ -275,7 +285,7 @@ for step in range(num_iterations + 1):
     for opt in optimizers:
         opt.step()
     model.zero_grad(set_to_none=True)
-    torch.cuda.synchronize()
+    synchronize()
     t1 = time.time()
     dt = t1 - t0
     # -------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -304,7 +314,7 @@ for step in range(num_iterations + 1):
         })
 
 # print a few more stats
-print0(f"Peak memory usage: {torch.cuda.max_memory_allocated() / 1024 / 1024:.2f}MiB")
+print0(f"Peak memory usage: {get_max_memory() / 1024 / 1024:.2f}MiB")
 print0(f"Total training time: {total_training_time/60:.2f}m")
 print0(f"Minimum validation bpb: {min_val_bpb:.4f}")
 
@@ -326,11 +336,11 @@ get_report().log(section="Base model training", data=[
     { # stats about training outcomes
         "Minimum validation bpb": min_val_bpb,
         "Final validation bpb": val_bpb,
-        "CORE metric estimate": results["core_metric"],
+        "CORE metric estimate": results.get("core_metric", None),
         "MFU %": f"{mfu:.2f}%",
         "Total training flops": f"{flops_so_far:e}",
         "Total training time": f"{total_training_time/60:.2f}m",
-        "Peak memory usage": f"{torch.cuda.max_memory_allocated() / 1024 / 1024:.2f}MiB",
+        "Peak memory usage": f"{get_max_memory() / 1024 / 1024:.2f}MiB",
     }
 ])
 

scripts/chat_cli.py

@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@ python -m scripts.chat_cli -i mid
 """
 import argparse
 import torch
-from nanochat.common import compute_init
+from nanochat.common import compute_init, autodetect_device_type
+from contextlib import nullcontext
 from nanochat.engine import Engine
 from nanochat.checkpoint_manager import load_model
 
@@ -17,11 +18,16 @@ parser.add_argument('-s', '--step', type=int, default=None, help='Step to load')
 parser.add_argument('-p', '--prompt', type=str, default='', help='Prompt the model, get a single response back')
 parser.add_argument('-t', '--temperature', type=float, default=0.6, help='Temperature for generation')
 parser.add_argument('-k', '--top-k', type=int, default=50, help='Top-k sampling parameter')
+parser.add_argument('--device-type', type=str, default='', choices=['cuda', 'cpu', 'mps'], help='Device type for evaluation: cuda|cpu|mps. empty => autodetect')
+parser.add_argument('-d', '--dtype', type=str, default='bfloat16', choices=['float32', 'bfloat16'])
 args = parser.parse_args()
 
 # Init the model and tokenizer
-ddp, ddp_rank, ddp_local_rank, ddp_world_size, device = compute_init()
-autocast_ctx = torch.amp.autocast(device_type="cuda", dtype=torch.bfloat16)
+
+device_type = autodetect_device_type() if args.device_type == "" else args.device_type
+ddp, ddp_rank, ddp_local_rank, ddp_world_size, device = compute_init(device_type)
+ptdtype = torch.float32 if args.dtype == 'float32' else torch.bfloat16
+autocast_ctx = torch.amp.autocast(device_type=device_type, dtype=ptdtype) if device_type == "cuda" else nullcontext()
 model, tokenizer, meta = load_model(args.source, device, phase="eval", model_tag=args.model_tag, step=args.step)
 
 # Special tokens for the chat state machine

scripts/chat_eval.py

@@ -10,11 +10,12 @@ torchrun --nproc_per_node=8 -m scripts.chat_eval -- -a ARC-Easy
 
 import argparse
 from functools import partial
+from contextlib import nullcontext
 
 import torch
 import torch.distributed as dist
 
-from nanochat.common import compute_init, compute_cleanup, get_dist_info, print0
+from nanochat.common import compute_init, compute_cleanup, get_dist_info, print0, autodetect_device_type
 from nanochat.checkpoint_manager import load_model
 from nanochat.engine import Engine
 
@@ -22,6 +23,7 @@ from tasks.humaneval import HumanEval
 from tasks.mmlu import MMLU
 from tasks.arc import ARC
 from tasks.gsm8k import GSM8K
+from tasks.spellingbee import SpellingBee
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Generative evaluation loop (we go one problem at a time, sample, evaluate)
@@ -115,7 +117,7 @@ def run_categorical_eval(task_object, tokenizer, model, batch_size, max_problems
             logits = model(prompt_ids) # (B, T, V)
 
         # Focus on the available answer on just the letters corresponding to choices
-        # Note that this helps the evaluation a lot because it specifically narrows the focus to only the avilable letters
+        # Note that this helps the evaluation a lot because it specifically narrows the focus to only the available letters
         # The much harder alternative would be to just generate from the Assistant and check if it responded with the correct
         # letter (e.g. A, B, C, D), but evaluations typically make the task easier in this way.
         for idx, conversation in enumerate(conversations):
@@ -164,6 +166,7 @@ def run_chat_eval(task_name, model, tokenizer, engine,
         'ARC-Easy': partial(ARC, subset="ARC-Easy", split="test"),
         'ARC-Challenge': partial(ARC, subset="ARC-Challenge", split="test"),
         'GSM8K': partial(GSM8K, subset="main", split="test"),
+        'SpellingBee': partial(SpellingBee, size=256, split="test"),
     }[task_name]
     task_object = task_module()
     # Run the evaluation
@@ -191,23 +194,26 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
     parser.add_argument('-g', '--model-tag', type=str, default=None, help='Model tag to load')
     parser.add_argument('-s', '--step', type=int, default=None, help='Step to load')
     parser.add_argument('-x', '--max-problems', type=int, default=None, help='Max problems to evaluate')
+    parser.add_argument('--device-type', type=str, default='', choices=['cuda', 'cpu', 'mps'], help='Device type for evaluation: cuda|cpu|mps. empty => autodetect')
     args = parser.parse_args()
 
-    ddp, ddp_rank, ddp_local_rank, ddp_world_size, device = compute_init()
+    device_type = autodetect_device_type() if args.device_type == "" else args.device_type
+    ddp, ddp_rank, ddp_local_rank, ddp_world_size, device = compute_init(device_type)
     ptdtype = torch.float32 if args.dtype == 'float32' else torch.bfloat16
-    autocast_ctx = torch.amp.autocast(device_type="cuda", dtype=ptdtype)
+    autocast_ctx = torch.amp.autocast(device_type=device_type, dtype=ptdtype) if device_type == "cuda" else nullcontext()
 
     model, tokenizer, meta = load_model(args.source, device, phase="eval", model_tag=args.model_tag, step=args.step)
     engine = Engine(model, tokenizer)
 
     # Get the tasks to evaluate on
-    all_tasks = ['ARC-Easy', 'ARC-Challenge', 'MMLU', 'GSM8K', 'HumanEval']
+    all_tasks = ['ARC-Easy', 'ARC-Challenge', 'MMLU', 'GSM8K', 'HumanEval', 'SpellingBee']
     baseline_accuracies = {
         'ARC-Easy': 0.25, # multiple choice 1 of 4 => 25%
         'ARC-Challenge': 0.25, # multiple choice 1 of 4 => 25%
         'MMLU': 0.25, # multiple choice 1 of 4 => 25%
         'GSM8K': 0.0, # open-ended => 0%
         'HumanEval': 0.0, # open-ended => 0%
+        'SpellingBee': 0.0, # open-ended => 0%
     }
     task_names = all_tasks if args.task_name is None else args.task_name.split('|')
 

scripts/chat_rl.py

@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ def get_lr_multiplier(it):
     lrm = 1.0 - it / num_steps
     return lrm
 
-# Calculate the number of examples each rank handles to achive the desired examples_per_step
+# Calculate the number of examples each rank handles to achieve the desired examples_per_step
 print0(f"Total sequences per step: {examples_per_step * num_samples}") # total batch size in sequences/step
 assert examples_per_step % ddp_world_size == 0, "Desired examples per step must be divisible by the number of ranks"
 examples_per_rank = examples_per_step // ddp_world_size # per GPU

scripts/chat_sft.py

@@ -15,8 +15,9 @@ os.environ["PYTORCH_CUDA_ALLOC_CONF"] = "expandable_segments:True"
 import wandb
 import torch
 import torch.distributed as dist
+from contextlib import nullcontext
 
-from nanochat.common import compute_init, compute_cleanup, get_base_dir, print0, DummyWandb
+from nanochat.common import compute_init, compute_cleanup, get_base_dir, print0, DummyWandb, autodetect_device_type
 from nanochat.checkpoint_manager import load_model
 from nanochat.checkpoint_manager import save_checkpoint
 from nanochat.engine import Engine
@@ -26,6 +27,8 @@ from tasks.common import TaskMixture
 from tasks.arc import ARC
 from tasks.gsm8k import GSM8K
 from tasks.smoltalk import SmolTalk
+from tasks.customjson import CustomJSON
+from tasks.spellingbee import SimpleSpelling, SpellingBee
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # SFT Hyperparameters
@@ -35,11 +38,12 @@ source = "mid" # base|mid , which checkpoint to load the model from (base model
 model_tag = None # model tag to load the model from (base model or midtrained model)
 step = None # step to load the model from (base model or midtrained model)
 # compute/precision
+device_type = "" # cuda|cpu|mps (empty => autodetect)
 dtype = "bfloat16"
 device_batch_size = 4 # max to avoid OOM
 # optimization
 num_epochs = 1
-max_iterations = -1 # override number of iterations (-1 = use num_epochs * num_iterations)
+num_iterations = -1 # override number of iterations (-1 = disable, use num_epochs to derive it)
 target_examples_per_step = 32
 unembedding_lr = 0.004
 embedding_lr = 0.2
@@ -50,6 +54,7 @@ init_lr_frac = 0.02
 eval_every = 100
 eval_steps = 100
 eval_metrics_every = 200
+eval_metrics_max_problems = 1024
 # now allow CLI to override the settings via the configurator lol
 config_keys = [k for k,v in globals().items() if not k.startswith('_') and isinstance(v, (int, float, bool, str))]
 exec(open(os.path.join('nanochat', 'configurator.py')).read()) # overrides from command line or config file
@@ -57,10 +62,11 @@ user_config = {k: globals()[k] for k in config_keys} # possibly useful for loggi
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 # Compute init
-ddp, ddp_rank, ddp_local_rank, ddp_world_size, device = compute_init()
+device_type = autodetect_device_type() if device_type == "" else device_type
+ddp, ddp_rank, ddp_local_rank, ddp_world_size, device = compute_init(device_type)
 master_process = ddp_rank == 0
-dtype = torch.float32 if dtype == 'float32' else torch.bfloat16
-autocast_ctx = torch.amp.autocast(device_type="cuda", dtype=dtype)
+ptdtype = torch.float32 if dtype == 'float32' else torch.bfloat16
+autocast_ctx = torch.amp.autocast(device_type=device_type, dtype=ptdtype) if device_type == "cuda" else nullcontext()
 
 # wandb logging init
 use_dummy_wandb = run == "dummy" or not master_process
@@ -74,13 +80,16 @@ engine = Engine(model, tokenizer) # will be used for inline model evaluation onl
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Task data mixture we'll train on
-
+identity_conversations_filepath = os.path.join(get_base_dir(), "identity_conversations.jsonl")
 train_ds = TaskMixture([
     ARC(subset="ARC-Easy", split="train"), # 2.3K rows
     ARC(subset="ARC-Challenge", split="train"), # 1.1K rows
     GSM8K(subset="main", split="train"), # 8K rows
     SmolTalk(split="train", stop=10_000), # 10K rows of smoltalk
-]) # 2.3K + 1.1K + 8K + 10K = 21.4K rows
+    CustomJSON(filepath=identity_conversations_filepath), # 1K rows of synthetic identity conversations
+    SimpleSpelling(size=300, split="train"), # 300 rows of Simple Spelling (e.g. spell the word 'apple')
+    SpellingBee(size=300, split="train"), # 300 rows of Spelling Bee (e.g. how many 'r' are in 'strawberry'?)
+]) # 2.3K + 1.1K + 8K + 10K + 1K + 0.3K + 0.3K = 23K rows
 val_ds = SmolTalk(split="test") # general conversations, 24K rows (though we don't actually use all of it)
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -126,10 +135,10 @@ assert target_examples_per_step % examples_per_step == 0, "Target examples per s
 grad_accum_steps = target_examples_per_step // examples_per_step
 print0(f"=> Setting grad accum steps: {grad_accum_steps}")
 
-num_iterations = (len(train_ds) // target_examples_per_step) * num_epochs
-if max_iterations >= 0 and num_iterations > max_iterations:
-    print0(f"Number of iterations is too high: {num_iterations}, capping to {max_iterations}")
-    num_iterations = max_iterations
+if num_iterations == -1:
+    # derive num_iterations from num_epochs and the size of the dataset
+    assert num_epochs > 0, "num_epochs must be positive if num_iterations is -1"
+    num_iterations = (len(train_ds) // target_examples_per_step) * num_epochs
 train_loader = sft_data_generator(train_ds, batch_size=device_batch_size)
 build_val_loader = lambda: sft_data_generator(val_ds, batch_size=device_batch_size)
 
@@ -189,8 +198,8 @@ for step in range(num_iterations):
         metrics = {}
         with torch.no_grad(), autocast_ctx:
             # note that because these are inside no_grad, we can usually afford to at least ~2X the batch size
-            metrics["mmlu_acc"] = run_chat_eval("MMLU", model, tokenizer, engine, batch_size=device_batch_size*2, max_problems=1024)
-            metrics["arc_easy_acc"] = run_chat_eval("ARC-Easy", model, tokenizer, engine, batch_size=device_batch_size*2, max_problems=1024)
+            metrics["mmlu_acc"] = run_chat_eval("MMLU", model, tokenizer, engine, batch_size=device_batch_size*2, max_problems=eval_metrics_max_problems)
+            metrics["arc_easy_acc"] = run_chat_eval("ARC-Easy", model, tokenizer, engine, batch_size=device_batch_size*2, max_problems=eval_metrics_max_problems)
         metrics_str = ', '.join(f'{k}: {v:.6f}' for k, v in metrics.items())
         print0(f"Step {step:05d} | {metrics_str}")
         wandb_run.log({

scripts/chat_web.py

@@ -44,8 +44,8 @@ from fastapi.responses import StreamingResponse, HTMLResponse, FileResponse
 from pydantic import BaseModel
 from typing import List, Optional, AsyncGenerator
 from dataclasses import dataclass
-
-from nanochat.common import compute_init
+from contextlib import nullcontext
+from nanochat.common import compute_init, autodetect_device_type
 from nanochat.checkpoint_manager import load_model
 from nanochat.engine import Engine
 
@@ -69,6 +69,8 @@ parser.add_argument('-m', '--max-tokens', type=int, default=512, help='Default m
 parser.add_argument('-g', '--model-tag', type=str, default=None, help='Model tag to load')
 parser.add_argument('-s', '--step', type=int, default=None, help='Step to load')
 parser.add_argument('-p', '--port', type=int, default=8000, help='Port to run the server on')
+parser.add_argument('-d', '--dtype', type=str, default='bfloat16', choices=['float32', 'bfloat16'])
+parser.add_argument('--device-type', type=str, default='', choices=['cuda', 'cpu', 'mps'], help='Device type for evaluation: cuda|cpu|mps. empty => autodetect')
 parser.add_argument('--host', type=str, default='0.0.0.0', help='Host to bind the server to')
 args = parser.parse_args()
 
@@ -80,7 +82,9 @@ logging.basicConfig(
 )
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
-ddp, ddp_rank, ddp_local_rank, ddp_world_size, device = compute_init()
+device_type = autodetect_device_type() if args.device_type == "" else args.device_type
+ddp, ddp_rank, ddp_local_rank, ddp_world_size, device = compute_init(device_type)
+ptdtype = torch.float32 if args.dtype == 'float32' else torch.bfloat16
 
 @dataclass
 class Worker:
@@ -95,21 +99,33 @@ class WorkerPool:
     """Pool of workers, each with a model replica on a different GPU."""
 
     def __init__(self, num_gpus: Optional[int] = None):
-        self.num_gpus = num_gpus if num_gpus is not None else torch.cuda.device_count()
+        if num_gpus is None:
+            if device_type == "cuda":
+                num_gpus = torch.cuda.device_count()
+            else:
+                num_gpus = 1 # e.g. cpu|mps
+        self.num_gpus = num_gpus
         self.workers: List[Worker] = []
         self.available_workers: asyncio.Queue = asyncio.Queue()
 
     async def initialize(self, source: str, model_tag: Optional[str] = None, step: Optional[int] = None):
         """Load model on each GPU."""
         print(f"Initializing worker pool with {self.num_gpus} GPUs...")
+        if self.num_gpus > 1:
+            assert device_type == "cuda", "Only CUDA supports multiple workers/GPUs. cpu|mps does not."
 
         for gpu_id in range(self.num_gpus):
-            device = torch.device(f"cuda:{gpu_id}")
-            print(f"Loading model on GPU {gpu_id}...")
+
+            if device_type == "cuda":
+                device = torch.device(f"cuda:{gpu_id}")
+                print(f"Loading model on GPU {gpu_id}...")
+            else:
+                device = torch.device(device_type) # e.g. cpu|mps
+                print(f"Loading model on {device_type}...")
 
             model, tokenizer, _ = load_model(source, device, phase="eval", model_tag=model_tag, step=step)
             engine = Engine(model, tokenizer)
-            autocast_ctx = torch.amp.autocast(device_type="cuda", dtype=torch.bfloat16)
+            autocast_ctx = torch.amp.autocast(device_type=device_type, dtype=ptdtype) if device_type == "cuda" else nullcontext()
 
             worker = Worker(
                 gpu_id=gpu_id,

scripts/mid_train.py

@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ os.environ["PYTORCH_CUDA_ALLOC_CONF"] = "expandable_segments:True"
 import time
 import wandb
 import torch
-
-from nanochat.common import compute_init, compute_cleanup, print0, DummyWandb, get_base_dir
+from contextlib import nullcontext
+from nanochat.common import compute_init, compute_cleanup, print0, DummyWandb, get_base_dir, autodetect_device_type
 from nanochat.tokenizer import get_token_bytes
 from nanochat.checkpoint_manager import save_checkpoint
 from nanochat.loss_eval import evaluate_bpb
@@ -27,12 +27,16 @@ from tasks.common import TaskMixture
 from tasks.gsm8k import GSM8K
 from tasks.mmlu import MMLU
 from tasks.smoltalk import SmolTalk
+from tasks.customjson import CustomJSON
+from tasks.spellingbee import SimpleSpelling, SpellingBee
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 run = "dummy" # wandb run name default ("dummy" is special - we won't log to wandb)
+device_type = "" # cuda|cpu|mps (empty => autodetect)
 model_tag = None # model tag to load the model from (base model or midtrained model)
 step = None # step to load the model from (base model or midtrained model)
 dtype = "bfloat16"
+num_iterations = -1 # explicit number of steps of the optimization (-1 = disable)
 max_seq_len = 2048
 device_batch_size = 32
 unembedding_lr = 0.004
@@ -40,7 +44,7 @@ embedding_lr = 0.2
 matrix_lr = 0.02
 init_lr_frac = 1.0 # initial learning rate is this fraction of the base learning rate
 weight_decay = 0.0
-eval_every = 150
+eval_every = 150 # -1 = disable
 eval_tokens = 20*524288
 total_batch_size = 524288
 dry_run = 0 # dry_run=1 is for experiments: we will log to wandb but we won't write checkpoints or report
@@ -50,10 +54,12 @@ user_config = {k: globals()[k] for k in config_keys} # possibly useful for loggi
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 # Compute init
-ddp, ddp_rank, ddp_local_rank, ddp_world_size, device = compute_init()
+device_type = autodetect_device_type() if device_type == "" else device_type
+ddp, ddp_rank, ddp_local_rank, ddp_world_size, device = compute_init(device_type)
 master_process = ddp_rank == 0
-dtype = torch.float32 if dtype == 'float32' else torch.bfloat16
-autocast_ctx = torch.amp.autocast(device_type="cuda", dtype=dtype)
+autocast_ctx = torch.amp.autocast(device_type=device_type, dtype=torch.bfloat16) if device_type == "cuda" else nullcontext()
+synchronize = torch.cuda.synchronize if device_type == "cuda" else lambda: None
+get_max_memory = torch.cuda.max_memory_allocated if device_type == "cuda" else lambda: 0
 
 # wandb logging init
 use_dummy_wandb = run == "dummy" or not master_process
@@ -88,11 +94,16 @@ for opt in optimizers:
 
 # Midtraining data mixture and DataLoader
 base_dir = get_base_dir()
+identity_conversations_filepath = os.path.join(base_dir, "identity_conversations.jsonl")
 train_dataset = TaskMixture([
     SmolTalk(split="train"), # 460K rows of general conversations
     MMLU(subset="auxiliary_train", split="train"), # 100K rows of multiple choice problems drawn from ARC, MC_TEST, OBQA, RACE
     GSM8K(subset="main", split="train"), # 8K rows teaching simple math and (calculator) tool use
-]) # total: 460K + 100K + 8K = 568K rows
+    CustomJSON(filepath=identity_conversations_filepath), # 1000 rows of synthetic identity conversations
+    CustomJSON(filepath=identity_conversations_filepath), # let's do 2 epochs of these
+    SimpleSpelling(size=200000, split="train"), # 200K rows of Simple Spelling (e.g. spell the word 'apple')
+    SpellingBee(size=80000, split="train"), # 80K rows of Spelling Bee (e.g. how many 'r' are in 'strawberry'?)
+]) # total: 460K + 100K + 8K + 200K + 80K = 848K rows
 val_dataset = TaskMixture([
     SmolTalk(split="test"), # 24K rows in test set
     MMLU(subset="all", split="test", stop=5200), # 14K rows in test set, use only 5.2K to match the train ratios
@@ -111,8 +122,10 @@ def mid_data_generator(split):
     assert dataset_size > 0
     needed_tokens = device_batch_size * max_seq_len + 1 # to form one training batch of inputs,targets
     token_buffer = deque()
-    scratch = torch.empty(needed_tokens, dtype=torch.int64, pin_memory=True)
+    # CUDA supports memory pinning for faster transfers between CPU and GPU:
+    scratch = torch.empty(needed_tokens, dtype=torch.int64, pin_memory=(device_type == "cuda"))
     cursor = ddp_rank # increments by ddp_world_size each time, so each rank processes unique documents
+    it = 0 # iteration counter
     while True:
         # Accumulate enough tokens for one iteration before yielding
         while len(token_buffer) < needed_tokens:
@@ -124,6 +137,10 @@ def mid_data_generator(split):
                 cursor -= dataset_size # wrap around for another epoch
                 if split == "train":
                     last_step = True # toggle last_step to True, which will terminate the training loop
+        # Stopping condition to respect num_iterations, if given
+        it += 1
+        if num_iterations > 0 and it >= num_iterations:
+            last_step = True # toggle last_step to True, which will terminate the training loop
         # Build up inputs/targets and yield
         for i in range(needed_tokens):
             scratch[i] = token_buffer.popleft()
@@ -132,7 +149,10 @@ def mid_data_generator(split):
         inputs = inputs_cpu.view(device_batch_size, max_seq_len).to(device=device, dtype=torch.int32, non_blocking=True)
         targets = targets_cpu.view(device_batch_size, max_seq_len).to(device=device, dtype=torch.int64, non_blocking=True)
         if split == "train":
-            approx_progress = cursor / dataset_size # approximate progress as a fraction of the dataset
+            if num_iterations > 0:
+                approx_progress = it / num_iterations # calculate progress from the max number of iterations
+            else:
+                approx_progress = cursor / dataset_size # approximate progress as a fraction of the dataset
         yield inputs, targets
 
 train_loader = mid_data_generator("train")
@@ -168,7 +188,7 @@ while True:
         last_step = bool(last_step_tensor.item())
 
     # once in a while: evaluate the val bpb (all ranks participate)
-    if last_step or step % eval_every == 0:
+    if eval_every > 0 and (last_step or step % eval_every == 0):
         model.eval()
         val_loader = build_val_loader()
         eval_steps = eval_tokens // (device_batch_size * max_seq_len * ddp_world_size)
@@ -215,7 +235,7 @@ while True:
     # -------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # single training step
     # evaluate the gradient
-    torch.cuda.synchronize()
+    synchronize()
     t0 = time.time()
     for micro_step in range(grad_accum_steps):
         with autocast_ctx:
@@ -236,7 +256,7 @@ while True:
     for opt in optimizers:
         opt.step()
     model.zero_grad(set_to_none=True)
-    torch.cuda.synchronize()
+    synchronize()
     t1 = time.time()
     dt = t1 - t0
     # -------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -268,7 +288,7 @@ while True:
         })
 
 # print a few more stats
-print0(f"Peak memory usage: {torch.cuda.max_memory_allocated() / 1024 / 1024:.2f}MiB")
+print0(f"Peak memory usage: {get_max_memory() / 1024 / 1024:.2f}MiB")
 print0(f"Total training time: {total_training_time/60:.2f}m")
 print0(f"Minimum validation bpb: {min_val_bpb:.4f}")
 

speedrun.sh

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ mkdir -p $NANOCHAT_BASE_DIR
 # install uv (if not already installed)
 command -v uv &> /dev/null || curl -LsSf https://astral.sh/uv/install.sh | sh
 # create a .venv local virtual environment (if it doesn't exist) and install the repo dependencies
-uv sync
+uv sync --extra gpu
 # activate venv so that `python` uses the project's venv instead of system python
 source .venv/bin/activate
 
@@ -99,6 +99,10 @@ torchrun --standalone --nproc_per_node=8 -m scripts.base_eval
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Midtraining (teach the model conversation special tokens, tool use, multiple choice)
 
+# download 2.3MB of synthetic identity conversations to impart a personality to nanochat
+# see dev/gen_sft_data.py for details on how this data was prepared and to get a sense of how you can easily tune it
+curl -L -o $NANOCHAT_BASE_DIR/identity_conversations.jsonl https://karpathy-public.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/identity_conversations.jsonl
+
 # run midtraining and eval the model
 torchrun --standalone --nproc_per_node=8 -m scripts.mid_train -- --run=$WANDB_RUN
 torchrun --standalone --nproc_per_node=8 -m scripts.chat_eval -- -i mid

tasks/customjson.py

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+"""
+CustomJSON task for loading conversations from JSONL files.
+Each line in the JSONL file should be a JSON array of messages.
+"""
+
+import os
+import json
+from tasks.common import Task
+
+class CustomJSON(Task):
+    """
+    Load conversations from a JSONL file.
+    Each line should be a JSON array of message objects with 'role' and 'content' fields.
+    Example line: [{"role":"user","content":"Hi"},{"role":"assistant","content":"Hello"}]
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, filepath, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+        self.filepath = filepath
+        self.conversations = []
+
+        # Load all conversations from the JSONL file
+        if not os.path.exists(filepath):
+            # Helpful error message due to recent change. Will be removed in the future.
+            print("-" * 80)
+            print(f"Warning: File {filepath} does not exist")
+            print("HINT (Oct 21 2025)")
+            print("If you recently did a git pull and suddely see this, it might be due to the new addition of identity conversations")
+            print("See this discussion for more details: https://github.com/karpathy/nanochat/discussions/139")
+            print("Quick fix: simply run the following command to download the file and you're done:")
+            print(f"curl -L -o {filepath} https://karpathy-public.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/identity_conversations.jsonl")
+            print("-" * 80)
+
+        else:
+            with open(filepath, 'r') as f:
+                for line in f:
+                    line = line.strip()
+                    if not line:  # skip empty lines
+                        continue
+                    messages = json.loads(line)
+                    # Validate the conversation structure
+                    assert isinstance(messages, list), f"Expected list of messages, got {type(messages)}"
+                    assert len(messages) >= 2, f"Conversation must have at least 2 messages, got {len(messages)}"
+                    # Validate message structure and alternating roles
+                    for i, message in enumerate(messages):
+                        assert "role" in message, f"Message {i} missing 'role' field"
+                        assert "content" in message, f"Message {i} missing 'content' field"
+                        expected_role = "user" if i % 2 == 0 else "assistant"
+                        assert message["role"] == expected_role, f"Message {i} has role {message['role']} but should be {expected_role}"
+                        assert isinstance(message["content"], str), f"Message {i} content must be a string"
+
+                    self.conversations.append(messages)
+
+        self.length = len(self.conversations)
+
+    def num_examples(self):
+        return self.length
+
+    def get_example(self, index):
+        messages = self.conversations[index]
+        conversation = {
+            "messages": messages,
+        }
+        return conversation
+

tasks/spellingbee.py

@@ -0,0 +1,305 @@
+"""
+Task intended to make nanochat better in spelling and counting, for example:
+
+"How many r are in strawberry?" -> 3
+
+An interesting part of this task is that we will get the assistant to
+solve the problem using a combination of manual counting and Python.
+This is a good problem solving "instinct" to mix into the model and RL
+may further refine it to trust one over the other. If we were extra fancy
+(which we could/should be) we'd add small errors here and there to allow
+the model also learn recoveries. We can do this in future versions.
+
+There are two tasks in this file:
+1. SpellingBee: Counting the number of occurrences of a letter in a word
+2. SimpleSpelling: Simply spelling words
+
+(1) is the goal, but (2) exists as a highly condensed version of the part
+that makes (1) difficult, which is word spelling. This is non-trivial for an
+LLM because it has to learn how every token (a little semantic chunk/atom)
+maps to the sequence of individual characters that make it up. Larger models
+learn this eventually on their own, but if we want this capability to exist
+in smaller models, we have to actively encourage it by over-representing it
+in the training data. Midtraining is a good place to do this.
+
+To preview a few example conversations, run:
+python -m tasks.spellingbee
+"""
+
+import re
+import random
+from tasks.common import Task
+from nanochat.common import download_file_with_lock
+
+# Letters of the alphabet
+LETTERS = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
+# A list of 370K English words of large variety
+WORD_LIST_URL = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/dwyl/english-words/refs/heads/master/words_alpha.txt"
+
+# Identical to gsm8k's answer extraction
+ANSWER_RE = re.compile(r"#### (\-?[0-9\.\,]+)")
+def extract_answer(completion):
+    """
+    Extract the numerical answer after #### marker.
+    """
+    match = ANSWER_RE.search(completion)
+    if match:
+        match_str = match.group(1).strip()
+        match_str = match_str.replace(",", "")
+        return match_str
+    return None
+
+# User message templates for data augmentation
+USER_MSG_TEMPLATES = [
+    "How many {letter} are in the word {word}",
+    "How many {letter} are in {word}",
+    "Count the number of {letter} in {word}",
+    "How many times does {letter} appear in {word}",
+    "What's the count of {letter} in {word}",
+    "In the word {word}, how many {letter} are there",
+    "How many letter {letter} are in the word {word}",
+    "Count how many {letter} appear in {word}",
+    "Tell me the number of {letter} in {word}",
+    "How many occurrences of {letter} are in {word}",
+    "Find the count of {letter} in {word}",
+    "Can you count the {letter} letters in {word}",
+    "What is the frequency of {letter} in {word}",
+    "How many {letter}s are in {word}",
+    "How many {letter}'s are in {word}",
+    "Count all the {letter} in {word}",
+    "How many times is {letter} in {word}",
+    "Number of {letter} in {word}",
+    "Total count of {letter} in {word}",
+    "How many {letter} does {word} have",
+    "How many {letter} does {word} contain",
+    "What's the number of {letter} in {word}",
+    "{word} has how many {letter}",
+    "In {word}, count the {letter}",
+    "How many {letter} appear in {word}",
+    "Count the {letter} in {word}",
+    "Give me the count of {letter} in {word}",
+    "How many instances of {letter} in {word}",
+    "Show me how many {letter} are in {word}",
+    "Calculate the number of {letter} in {word}",
+    # Spanish
+    "¿Cuántas {letter} hay en {word}?",
+    "¿Cuántas veces aparece {letter} en {word}?",
+    "Cuenta las {letter} en {word}",
+    "¿Cuántas letras {letter} tiene {word}?",
+    # Chinese (Simplified)
+    "{word}中有多少个{letter}",
+    "{word}里有几个{letter}",
+    "数一下{word}中的{letter}",
+    "{word}这个词里有多少{letter}",
+    # Korean
+    "{word}에 {letter}가 몇 개 있나요",
+    "{word}에서 {letter}의 개수는",
+    "{word}에 {letter}가 몇 번 나오나요",
+    "{word}라는 단어에 {letter}가 몇 개",
+    # French
+    "Combien de {letter} dans {word}",
+    "Combien de fois {letter} apparaît dans {word}",
+    "Compte les {letter} dans {word}",
+    # German
+    "Wie viele {letter} sind in {word}",
+    "Wie oft kommt {letter} in {word} vor",
+    "Zähle die {letter} in {word}",
+    # Japanese
+    "{word}に{letter}は何個ありますか",
+    "{word}の中に{letter}がいくつ",
+    "{word}に{letter}が何回出てくる",
+]
+
+class SpellingBee(Task):
+
+    def __init__(self, size=1000, split="train", **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+        assert split in ["train", "test"], "SpellingBee split must be train|test"
+        self.size = size
+        self.split = split
+        filename = WORD_LIST_URL.split("/")[-1]
+        word_list_path = download_file_with_lock(WORD_LIST_URL, filename)
+        with open(word_list_path) as f:
+            words = [line.strip() for line in f]
+        self.words = words
+
+    @property
+    def eval_type(self):
+        return 'generative'
+
+    def num_examples(self):
+        return self.size
+
+    def get_example(self, index):
+        seed = index if self.split == "train" else -(index + 1) # avoid collision at 0
+        rng = random.Random(seed)
+
+        # pick a random word
+        word = rng.choice(self.words)
+        # pick a letter from it (90%) or a random letter (10%)
+        letter = rng.choice(word) if rng.random() < 0.9 else rng.choice(LETTERS)
+
+        # get the correct answer by simply counting
+        count = word.count(letter)
+
+        # create a user message, with a bunch of variations as data augmentation
+        template = rng.choice(USER_MSG_TEMPLATES)
+        # 30% chance to lowercase the template (lazy people don't use shift)
+        if rng.random() < 0.3:
+            template = template.lower()
+        quote_options = ['', "'", '"']
+        letter_quote = rng.choice(quote_options) # is the letter quoted?
+        word_quote = rng.choice(quote_options) # is the word quoted?
+        letter_wrapped = f"{letter_quote}{letter}{letter_quote}"
+        word_wrapped = f"{word_quote}{word}{word_quote}"
+        user_msg = template.format(letter=letter_wrapped, word=word_wrapped)
+        if rng.random() < 0.5: # 50% of people don't even use question marks
+            user_msg += "?"
+
+        # Now create the ideal assistant response - build as parts (text + tool calls)
+        assistant_parts = []
+        word_letters = ",".join(list(word))
+        manual_text = f"""We are asked to find the number '{letter}' in the word '{word}'. Let me try a manual approach first.
+
+First spell the word out:
+{word}:{word_letters}
+
+Then count the occurrences of '{letter}':
+"""
+        # Little simulated loop of the solution process
+        # TODO: This is where the fun starts, we could simulate cute little mistakes
+        # and get the model to review its work and recover from them.
+        # You might of course hope this could arise in RL too, but realistically you'd want to help it out a bit.
+        running_count = 0
+        for i, char in enumerate(word, 1):
+            if char == letter:
+                running_count += 1
+                # note: there deliberately cannot be a space here between i and char
+                # because this would create a different token! (e.g. " a" and "a" are different tokens)
+                manual_text += f"{i}:{char} hit! count={running_count}\n"
+            else:
+                manual_text += f"{i}:{char}\n"
+
+        manual_text += f"\nThis gives us {running_count}."
+        assistant_parts.append({"type": "text", "text": manual_text})
+        # Part 2: Python verification
+        assistant_parts.append({"type": "text", "text": "\n\nLet me double check this using Python:\n\n"})
+        # Part 3: Python tool call
+        python_expr = f"'{word}'.count('{letter}')"
+        assistant_parts.append({"type": "python", "text": python_expr})
+        # Part 4: Python output
+        assistant_parts.append({"type": "python_output", "text": str(count)})
+        # Part 5: Final answer
+        assistant_parts.append({"type": "text", "text": f"\n\nPython gives us {count}.\n\nMy final answer is:\n\n#### {count}"})
+
+        # return the full conversation
+        messages = [
+            {"role": "user", "content": user_msg},
+            {"role": "assistant", "content": assistant_parts}
+        ]
+        conversation = {
+            "messages": messages,
+        }
+        return conversation
+
+    def evaluate(self, conversation, assistant_response):
+        """
+        Given (conversation, completion), return evaluation outcome (0 = wrong, 1 = correct)
+        Identical to gsm8k's evaluation.
+        """
+        assert isinstance(assistant_response, str), "Assuming simple string response for now"
+        # First extract the ground truth answer from the conversation
+        assistant_message = conversation['messages'][-1]
+        assert assistant_message['role'] == "assistant", "Last message must be from the Assistant"
+        assert isinstance(assistant_message['content'], list), "This is expected to be a list of parts"
+        # The last text part contains the final answer with ####
+        last_text_part = assistant_message['content'][-1]['text']
+        # Extract both the ground truth answer and the predicted answer
+        ref_num = extract_answer(last_text_part)
+        pred_num = extract_answer(assistant_response)
+        # Compare and return the success as int
+        is_correct = int(pred_num == ref_num)
+        return is_correct
+
+    def reward(self, conversation, assistant_response):
+        """ Use simple 0-1 reward just like gsm8k."""
+        is_correct = self.evaluate(conversation, assistant_response)
+        is_correct_float = float(is_correct)
+        return is_correct_float
+
+
+class SimpleSpelling(Task):
+    """Much simpler task designed to get the model to just practice spelling words."""
+
+    def __init__(self, size=1000, split="train", **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+        assert split in ["train", "test"], "SpellingBee split must be train|test"
+        self.size = size
+        self.split = split
+        filename = WORD_LIST_URL.split("/")[-1]
+        word_list_path = download_file_with_lock(WORD_LIST_URL, filename)
+        with open(word_list_path) as f:
+            words = [line.strip() for line in f]
+        rng = random.Random(42)
+        rng.shuffle(words) # use a different word order than the SpellingBee task
+        self.words = words
+
+    @property
+    def eval_type(self):
+        return 'generative'
+
+    def num_examples(self):
+        return self.size
+
+    def get_example(self, index):
+        seed = index if self.split == "train" else -(index + 1) # avoid collision at 0
+        rng = random.Random(seed)
+        # pick a random word
+        word = rng.choice(self.words)
+        word_letters = ",".join(list(word))
+        # return the full conversation
+        messages = [
+            {"role": "user", "content": f"Spell the word: {word}"},
+            {"role": "assistant", "content": f"{word}:{word_letters}"}
+        ]
+        conversation = {
+            "messages": messages,
+        }
+        return conversation
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+
+    # preview the SpellingBee task, first 10 examples
+    task = SpellingBee()
+    for i in range(10):
+        ex = task.get_example(i)
+        print("=" * 100)
+        print(ex['messages'][0]['content'])
+        print("-" * 100)
+        # Assistant content is now a list of parts
+        assistant_parts = ex['messages'][1]['content']
+        for part in assistant_parts:
+            if part['type'] == 'text':
+                print(part['text'], end='')
+            elif part['type'] == 'python':
+                print(f"<<{part['text']}=", end='')
+            elif part['type'] == 'python_output':
+                print(f"{part['text']}>>", end='')
+        print()
+        print("-" * 100)
+
+    # # preview the SimpleSpelling task, first 10 examples
+    # task = SimpleSpelling()
+    # for i in range(10):
+    #     ex = task.get_example(i)
+    #     print("=" * 100)
+    #     print(ex['messages'][0]['content'])
+    #     print("-" * 100)
+    #     print(ex['messages'][1]['content'])
+
+    # # also scrutinize the tokenization (last example only)
+    # from nanochat.tokenizer import get_tokenizer
+    # tokenizer = get_tokenizer()
+    # ids, mask = tokenizer.render_conversation(ex)
+    # print(tokenizer.visualize_tokenization(ids, mask, with_token_id=True))

tests/test_engine.py

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+"""
+Test Engine class. Example run:
+
+python -m pytest tests/test_engine.py -v
+"""
+
+import torch
+from nanochat.engine import KVCache
+
+def test_kv_cache_resize():
+    """
+    The KV cache was not resized correctly, more information here:
+    https://github.com/karpathy/nanochat/pull/186
+    This test reproduces the issue and will be merged alongside the fix.
+    """
+
+    batch_size = 2
+    num_heads = 3
+    seq_len = 4
+    head_dim = 5
+    num_layers = 6
+
+    kv_cache = KVCache(
+        batch_size=batch_size,
+        num_heads=num_heads,
+        seq_len=seq_len,
+        head_dim=head_dim,
+        num_layers=num_layers
+    )
+
+    # Insert a single token with a distinct fill value to all layers
+    def insert_token(token_idx):
+        for layer_idx in range(num_layers):
+            k = torch.full((batch_size, num_heads, 1, head_dim), fill_value=float(token_idx), dtype=torch.float32)
+            v = torch.full((batch_size, num_heads, 1, head_dim), fill_value=float(token_idx * 100), dtype=torch.float32)
+            kv_cache.insert_kv(layer_idx, k, v)
+
+    # Insert 4 tokens (fills the initial seq_len=4)
+    for i in range(4):
+        insert_token(i)
+
+    # Record the original state of the cache
+    original_cache = kv_cache.kv_cache.clone()
+    original_seq_len = original_cache.shape[4]
+
+    # Insert the 5th token, which will trigger a resize
+    insert_token(4)
+    # Verify that the cache actually resized
+    new_seq_len = kv_cache.kv_cache.shape[4]
+    assert new_seq_len > original_seq_len, f"Cache did not resize: original seq_len={original_seq_len}, new seq_len={new_seq_len}"
+
+    # Verify that the original 4 tokens are still intact after resize
+    for layer_idx in range(num_layers):
+        for token_idx in range(4):
+            # Check that resized cache matches expected values
+            expected_k = float(token_idx)
+            expected_v = float(token_idx * 100)
+            actual_k = kv_cache.kv_cache[layer_idx, 0, :, :, token_idx, :]
+            actual_v = kv_cache.kv_cache[layer_idx, 1, :, :, token_idx, :]
+            assert (actual_k == expected_k).all(), f"Layer {layer_idx}, token {token_idx}: key corrupted, expected {expected_k}"
+            assert (actual_v == expected_v).all(), f"Layer {layer_idx}, token {token_idx}: value corrupted, expected {expected_v}"
+            # And that the original cache matches resized cache
+            original_k = original_cache[layer_idx, 0, :, :, token_idx, :]
+            original_v = original_cache[layer_idx, 1, :, :, token_idx, :]
+            assert (actual_k == original_k).all(), f"Layer {layer_idx}, token {token_idx}: key doesn't match original"
+            assert (actual_v == original_v).all(), f"Layer {layer_idx}, token {token_idx}: value doesn't match original"

uv.lock

@@ -2,13 +2,32 @@ version = 1
 revision = 3
 requires-python = ">=3.10"
 resolution-markers = [
-    "python_full_version >= '3.12' and sys_platform == 'linux'",
-    "python_full_version >= '3.12' and sys_platform != 'linux'",
-    "python_full_version == '3.11.*' and sys_platform == 'linux'",
-    "python_full_version == '3.11.*' and sys_platform != 'linux'",
-    "python_full_version < '3.11' and sys_platform == 'linux'",
-    "python_full_version < '3.11' and sys_platform != 'linux'",
+    "python_full_version >= '3.12' and sys_platform == 'linux' and extra != 'extra-8-nanochat-cpu' and extra == 'extra-8-nanochat-gpu'",
+    "python_full_version >= '3.12' and sys_platform != 'linux' and extra != 'extra-8-nanochat-cpu' and extra == 'extra-8-nanochat-gpu'",
+    "python_full_version == '3.11.*' and sys_platform == 'linux' and extra != 'extra-8-nanochat-cpu' and extra == 'extra-8-nanochat-gpu'",
+    "python_full_version < '3.11' and sys_platform == 'linux' and extra != 'extra-8-nanochat-cpu' and extra == 'extra-8-nanochat-gpu'",
+    "python_full_version == '3.11.*' and sys_platform != 'linux' and extra != 'extra-8-nanochat-cpu' and extra == 'extra-8-nanochat-gpu'",
+    "python_full_version < '3.11' and sys_platform != 'linux' and extra != 'extra-8-nanochat-cpu' and extra == 'extra-8-nanochat-gpu'",
+    "python_full_version >= '3.12' and sys_platform == 'linux' and extra == 'extra-8-nanochat-cpu' and extra != 'extra-8-nanochat-gpu'",
+    "python_full_version >= '3.12' and sys_platform != 'darwin' and sys_platform != 'linux' and extra == 'extra-8-nanochat-cpu' and extra != 'extra-8-nanochat-gpu'",
+    "python_full_version == '3.11.*' and sys_platform == 'linux' and extra == 'extra-8-nanochat-cpu' and extra != 'extra-8-nanochat-gpu'",
+    "python_full_version < '3.11' and sys_platform == 'linux' and extra == 'extra-8-nanochat-cpu' and extra != 'extra-8-nanochat-gpu'",
+    "python_full_version == '3.11.*' and sys_platform != 'darwin' and sys_platform != 'linux' and extra == 'extra-8-nanochat-cpu' and extra != 'extra-8-nanochat-gpu'",
+    "python_full_version < '3.11' and sys_platform != 'darwin' and sys_platform != 'linux' and extra == 'extra-8-nanochat-cpu' and extra != 'extra-8-nanochat-gpu'",
+    "python_full_version >= '3.12' and sys_platform == 'darwin' and extra == 'extra-8-nanochat-cpu' and extra != 'extra-8-nanochat-gpu'",
+    "python_full_version == '3.11.*' and sys_platform == 'darwin' and extra == 'extra-8-nanochat-cpu' and extra != 'extra-8-nanochat-gpu'",
+    "python_full_version < '3.11' and sys_platform == 'darwin' and extra == 'extra-8-nanochat-cpu' and extra != 'extra-8-nanochat-gpu'",
+    "python_full_version >= '3.12' and sys_platform == 'linux' and extra != 'extra-8-nanochat-cpu' and extra != 'extra-8-nanochat-gpu'",
+    "python_full_version >= '3.12' and sys_platform != 'linux' and extra != 'extra-8-nanochat-cpu' and extra != 'extra-8-nanochat-gpu'",
+    "python_full_version == '3.11.*' and sys_platform == 'linux' and extra != 'extra-8-nanochat-cpu' and extra != 'extra-8-nanochat-gpu'",
+    "python_full_version < '3.11' and sys_platform == 'linux' and extra != 'extra-8-nanochat-cpu' and extra != 'extra-8-nanochat-gpu'",
+    "python_full_version == '3.11.*' and sys_platform != 'linux' and extra != 'extra-8-nanochat-cpu' and extra != 'extra-8-nanochat-gpu'",
+    "python_full_version < '3.11' and sys_platform != 'linux' and extra != 'extra-8-nanochat-cpu' and extra != 'extra-8-nanochat-gpu'",
 ]
+conflicts = [[
+    { package = "nanochat", extra = "cpu" },
+    { package = "nanochat", extra = "gpu" },
+]]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "aiohappyeyeballs"
@@ -26,7 +45,7 @@ source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
 dependencies = [
     { name = "aiohappyeyeballs" },
     { name = "aiosignal" },
-    { name = "async-timeout", marker = "python_full_version < '3.11'" },
+    { name = "async-timeout", marker = "python_full_version < '3.11' or (extra == 'extra-8-nanochat-cpu' and extra == 'extra-8-nanochat-gpu')" },
     { name = "attrs" },
     { name = "frozenlist" },
     { name = "multidict" },
@@ -111,7 +130,7 @@ version = "1.4.0"
 source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
 dependencies = [
     { name = "frozenlist" },
-    { name = "typing-extensions", marker = "python_full_version < '3.13'" },
+    { name = "typing-extensions", marker = "python_full_version < '3.13' or (extra == 'extra-8-nanochat-cpu' and extra == 'extra-8-nanochat-gpu')" },
 ]
 sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/61/62/06741b579156360248d1ec624842ad0edf697050bbaf7c3e46394e106ad1/aiosignal-1.4.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:f47eecd9468083c2029cc99945502cb7708b082c232f9aca65da147157b251c7", size = 25007, upload-time = "2025-07-03T22:54:43.528Z" }
 wheels = [
@@ -132,10 +151,10 @@ name = "anyio"
 version = "4.10.0"
 source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
 dependencies = [
-    { name = "exceptiongroup", marker = "python_full_version < '3.11'" },
+    { name = "exceptiongroup", marker = "python_full_version < '3.11' or (extra == 'extra-8-nanochat-cpu' and extra == 'extra-8-nanochat-gpu')" },
     { name = "idna" },
     { name = "sniffio" },
-    { name = "typing-extensions", marker = "python_full_version < '3.13'" },
+    { name = "typing-extensions", marker = "python_full_version < '3.13' or (extra == 'extra-8-nanochat-cpu' and extra == 'extra-8-nanochat-gpu')" },
 ]
 sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/f1/b4/636b3b65173d3ce9a38ef5f0522789614e590dab6a8d505340a4efe4c567/anyio-4.10.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:3f3fae35c96039744587aa5b8371e7e8e603c0702999535961dd336026973ba6", size = 213252, upload-time = "2025-08-04T08:54:26.451Z" }
 wheels = [
@@ -238,7 +257,7 @@ name = "click"
 version = "8.2.1"
 source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
 dependencies = [
-    { name = "colorama", marker = "sys_platform == 'win32'" },
+    { name = "colorama", marker = "sys_platform == 'win32' or (extra == 'extra-8-nanochat-cpu' and extra == 'extra-8-nanochat-gpu')" },
 ]
 sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/60/6c/8ca2efa64cf75a977a0d7fac081354553ebe483345c734fb6b6515d96bbc/click-8.2.1.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:27c491cc05d968d271d5a1db13e3b5a184636d9d930f148c50b038f0d0646202", size = 286342, upload-time = "2025-05-20T23:19:49.832Z" }
 wheels = [
@@ -292,7 +311,7 @@ name = "exceptiongroup"
 version = "1.3.0"
 source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
 dependencies = [
-    { name = "typing-extensions", marker = "python_full_version < '3.11'" },
+    { name = "typing-extensions", marker = "python_full_version < '3.12' or (extra == 'extra-8-nanochat-cpu' and extra == 'extra-8-nanochat-gpu')" },
 ]
 sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/0b/9f/a65090624ecf468cdca03533906e7c69ed7588582240cfe7cc9e770b50eb/exceptiongroup-1.3.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:b241f5885f560bc56a59ee63ca4c6a8bfa46ae4ad651af316d4e81817bb9fd88", size = 29749, upload-time = "2025-05-10T17:42:51.123Z" }
 wheels = [
@@ -497,7 +516,7 @@ source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
 dependencies = [
     { name = "filelock" },
     { name = "fsspec" },
-    { name = "hf-xet", marker = "platform_machine == 'aarch64' or platform_machine == 'amd64' or platform_machine == 'arm64' or platform_machine == 'x86_64'" },
+    { name = "hf-xet", marker = "platform_machine == 'aarch64' or platform_machine == 'amd64' or platform_machine == 'arm64' or platform_machine == 'x86_64' or (extra == 'extra-8-nanochat-cpu' and extra == 'extra-8-nanochat-gpu')" },
     { name = "packaging" },
     { name = "pyyaml" },
     { name = "requests" },
@@ -602,7 +621,7 @@ name = "maturin"
 version = "1.9.4"
 source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
 dependencies = [
-    { name = "tomli", marker = "python_full_version < '3.11'" },
+    { name = "tomli", marker = "python_full_version < '3.11' or (extra == 'extra-8-nanochat-cpu' and extra == 'extra-8-nanochat-gpu')" },
 ]
 sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/13/7c/b11b870fc4fd84de2099906314ce45488ae17be32ff5493519a6cddc518a/maturin-1.9.4.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:235163a0c99bc6f380fb8786c04fd14dcf6cd622ff295ea3de525015e6ac40cf", size = 213647, upload-time = "2025-08-27T11:37:57.079Z" }
 wheels = [
@@ -635,7 +654,7 @@ name = "multidict"
 version = "6.6.4"
 source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
 dependencies = [
-    { name = "typing-extensions", marker = "python_full_version < '3.11'" },
+    { name = "typing-extensions", marker = "python_full_version < '3.11' or (extra == 'extra-8-nanochat-cpu' and extra == 'extra-8-nanochat-gpu')" },
 ]
 sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/69/7f/0652e6ed47ab288e3756ea9c0df8b14950781184d4bd7883f4d87dd41245/multidict-6.6.4.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:d2d4e4787672911b48350df02ed3fa3fffdc2f2e8ca06dd6afdf34189b76a9dd", size = 101843, upload-time = "2025-08-11T12:08:48.217Z" }
 wheels = [
@@ -761,13 +780,26 @@ dependencies = [
     { name = "numpy" },
     { name = "psutil" },
     { name = "regex" },
+    { name = "setuptools" },
     { name = "tiktoken" },
     { name = "tokenizers" },
-    { name = "torch" },
+    { name = "torch", version = "2.8.0+cu128", source = { registry = "https://download.pytorch.org/whl/cu128" }, marker = "extra == 'extra-8-nanochat-gpu'" },
+    { name = "torch", version = "2.9.0", source = { registry = "https://download.pytorch.org/whl/cpu" }, marker = "(sys_platform == 'darwin' and extra == 'extra-8-nanochat-cpu') or (extra == 'extra-8-nanochat-cpu' and extra == 'extra-8-nanochat-gpu')" },
+    { name = "torch", version = "2.9.0", source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }, marker = "(extra == 'extra-8-nanochat-cpu' and extra == 'extra-8-nanochat-gpu') or (extra != 'extra-8-nanochat-cpu' and extra != 'extra-8-nanochat-gpu')" },
+    { name = "torch", version = "2.9.0+cpu", source = { registry = "https://download.pytorch.org/whl/cpu" }, marker = "(sys_platform != 'darwin' and extra == 'extra-8-nanochat-cpu') or (extra == 'extra-8-nanochat-cpu' and extra == 'extra-8-nanochat-gpu')" },
     { name = "uvicorn" },
     { name = "wandb" },
 ]
 
+[package.optional-dependencies]
+cpu = [
+    { name = "torch", version = "2.9.0", source = { registry = "https://download.pytorch.org/whl/cpu" }, marker = "(sys_platform == 'darwin' and extra == 'extra-8-nanochat-cpu') or (extra == 'extra-8-nanochat-cpu' and extra == 'extra-8-nanochat-gpu')" },
+    { name = "torch", version = "2.9.0+cpu", source = { registry = "https://download.pytorch.org/whl/cpu" }, marker = "(sys_platform != 'darwin' and extra == 'extra-8-nanochat-cpu') or (extra == 'extra-8-nanochat-cpu' and extra == 'extra-8-nanochat-gpu')" },
+]
+gpu = [
+    { name = "torch", version = "2.8.0+cu128", source = { registry = "https://download.pytorch.org/whl/cu128" } },
+]
+
 [package.dev-dependencies]
 dev = [
     { name = "maturin" },
@@ -782,12 +814,16 @@ requires-dist = [
     { name = "numpy", specifier = "==1.26.4" },
     { name = "psutil", specifier = ">=7.1.0" },
     { name = "regex", specifier = ">=2025.9.1" },
+    { name = "setuptools", specifier = ">=80.9.0" },
     { name = "tiktoken", specifier = ">=0.11.0" },
     { name = "tokenizers", specifier = ">=0.22.0" },
-    { name = "torch", specifier = ">=2.8.0", index = "https://download.pytorch.org/whl/cu128" },
+    { name = "torch", specifier = ">=2.8.0" },
+    { name = "torch", marker = "extra == 'cpu'", specifier = ">=2.8.0", index = "https://download.pytorch.org/whl/cpu", conflict = { package = "nanochat", extra = "cpu" } },
+    { name = "torch", marker = "extra == 'gpu'", specifier = ">=2.8.0", index = "https://download.pytorch.org/whl/cu128", conflict = { package = "nanochat", extra = "gpu" } },
     { name = "uvicorn", specifier = ">=0.36.0" },
     { name = "wandb", specifier = ">=0.21.3" },
 ]
+provides-extras = ["cpu", "gpu"]
 
 [package.metadata.requires-dev]
 dev = [
@@ -800,8 +836,13 @@ name = "networkx"
 version = "3.4.2"
 source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
 resolution-markers = [
-    "python_full_version < '3.11' and sys_platform == 'linux'",
-    "python_full_version < '3.11' and sys_platform != 'linux'",
+    "python_full_version < '3.11' and sys_platform == 'linux' and extra != 'extra-8-nanochat-cpu' and extra == 'extra-8-nanochat-gpu'",
+    "python_full_version < '3.11' and sys_platform != 'linux' and extra != 'extra-8-nanochat-cpu' and extra == 'extra-8-nanochat-gpu'",
+    "python_full_version < '3.11' and sys_platform == 'linux' and extra == 'extra-8-nanochat-cpu' and extra != 'extra-8-nanochat-gpu'",
+    "python_full_version < '3.11' and sys_platform != 'darwin' and sys_platform != 'linux' and extra == 'extra-8-nanochat-cpu' and extra != 'extra-8-nanochat-gpu'",
+    "python_full_version < '3.11' and sys_platform == 'darwin' and extra == 'extra-8-nanochat-cpu' and extra != 'extra-8-nanochat-gpu'",
+    "python_full_version < '3.11' and sys_platform == 'linux' and extra != 'extra-8-nanochat-cpu' and extra != 'extra-8-nanochat-gpu'",
+    "python_full_version < '3.11' and sys_platform != 'linux' and extra != 'extra-8-nanochat-cpu' and extra != 'extra-8-nanochat-gpu'",
 ]
 sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/fd/1d/06475e1cd5264c0b870ea2cc6fdb3e37177c1e565c43f56ff17a10e3937f/networkx-3.4.2.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:307c3669428c5362aab27c8a1260aa8f47c4e91d3891f48be0141738d8d053e1", size = 2151368, upload-time = "2024-10-21T12:39:38.695Z" }
 wheels = [
@@ -813,10 +854,20 @@ name = "networkx"
 version = "3.5"
 source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
 resolution-markers = [
-    "python_full_version >= '3.12' and sys_platform == 'linux'",
-    "python_full_version >= '3.12' and sys_platform != 'linux'",
-    "python_full_version == '3.11.*' and sys_platform == 'linux'",
-    "python_full_version == '3.11.*' and sys_platform != 'linux'",
+    "python_full_version >= '3.12' and sys_platform == 'linux' and extra != 'extra-8-nanochat-cpu' and extra == 'extra-8-nanochat-gpu'",
+    "python_full_version >= '3.12' and sys_platform != 'linux' and extra != 'extra-8-nanochat-cpu' and extra == 'extra-8-nanochat-gpu'",
+    "python_full_version == '3.11.*' and sys_platform == 'linux' and extra != 'extra-8-nanochat-cpu' and extra == 'extra-8-nanochat-gpu'",
+    "python_full_version == '3.11.*' and sys_platform != 'linux' and extra != 'extra-8-nanochat-cpu' and extra == 'extra-8-nanochat-gpu'",
+    "python_full_version >= '3.12' and sys_platform == 'linux' and extra == 'extra-8-nanochat-cpu' and extra != 'extra-8-nanochat-gpu'",
+    "python_full_version >= '3.12' and sys_platform != 'darwin' and sys_platform != 'linux' and extra == 'extra-8-nanochat-cpu' and extra != 'extra-8-nanochat-gpu'",
+    "python_full_version == '3.11.*' and sys_platform == 'linux' and extra == 'extra-8-nanochat-cpu' and extra != 'extra-8-nanochat-gpu'",
+    "python_full_version == '3.11.*' and sys_platform != 'darwin' and sys_platform != 'linux' and extra == 'extra-8-nanochat-cpu' and extra != 'extra-8-nanochat-gpu'",
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@@ -1739,7 +1955,7 @@ name = "triton"
 version = "3.4.0"
 source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
 dependencies = [
-    { name = "setuptools", marker = "sys_platform == 'linux'" },
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@@ -1795,7 +2011,7 @@ source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
 dependencies = [
     { name = "click" },
     { name = "h11" },
-    { name = "typing-extensions", marker = "python_full_version < '3.11'" },
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